Medicaments container with medicament authentication mechanism

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for authenticating medicaments stored within a medicament container. In one embodiment, a medicament container comprises a scanner adapted to scan a medicament unit and provide data indicative of at least one physical characteristic of the medicament unit. This data may comprise the color, size, shape, and/or chemical composition of the medicament unit for the purposes of determining whether the medicament unit bears one or more features of a medicament unit prescribed to a requester. In some embodiments, the data is used to create a determination as to whether the medicament is counterfeit based upon one or more data comparisons.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/072,887 entitled “Smart Tray For Dispensing Medicaments,” filed onMar. 3, 2005, now abandonded, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/939,620 entitled “Smart Tray For DispensingMedicaments,” filed on Sep. 13, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,080,755, theentireties of which are incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a method and system for automaticallydispensing medicaments. More particularly, the invention relates to amethod and system that utilizes one or more cassettes or trays, whichhold one or more types of medicaments, the cassettes or trays beingconfigured for secure and intelligent dispensing of the medicaments.

2. Description of the Related Art

Conventionally, medicaments have been distributed or provided topatients in a manual fashion. In such manual distribution methods andsystems, a patient receives a prescription from a medical practitionerin writing and the prescribed medicaments may thereafter be purchased ata pharmacy. This method of manual distribution of medicaments hasseveral problems associated with it. One problem is that wrong medicinesor wrong dosages may be dispensed due to human error, potentiallycausing serious injury to the patient or even death. Another problemwith manual distribution methods is that unauthorized medicines thathave not been prescribed by a medical practitioner can be dispensed inerror or the medicaments can be stolen due to inadequate tracking andnon-secure storage and transit of the medicaments. Furthermore, currentmanual distribution methods do not monitor for counterfeit medications,medication side effects and timely intake of prescribed medicines by thepatient. For example, a patient may skip or delay the intake of amedicament, or take the medicament too frequently, which could reducethe effect of the medicament or even be harmful to the patient.

In order to overcome the above-mentioned problems, several automatedmedicament distribution systems have been developed. Typically, theseautomated drug dispensing systems are isolated units, placed atspecified locations within a hospital, pharmacy, a patient's home, orother strategic location. These dispensing systems may be programmed forscheduled dispensation of medicines. To ensure authorized dispensing ofmedicaments, one or more automated drug dispensing systems can beconnected to a remote computer or processor that monitors the activitiesof each dispensing machine. Such remote computers/processors serve anauthorization node, which allows a practitioner or other authorizedpersonnel to control the dispensing of medicaments to one or morepatients. Additionally, each remote computer may be connected to acentral computer or node that controls and monitors a larger number ofautomatic dispensing machines in a wider geographic area.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,564,121, entitled “Systems and Methods for DrugDispensing”, assigned to Telepharmacy Solutions, Inc. (North Billerica,Mass.), filed on Dec. 3, 1999, discloses a system and method forremotely dispensing medical products using a networked communicationssystem. The disclosed system utilizes a computer network for delivery ofpatient information and dispensing instructions to a remote dispensingstation. The system includes an authorization node to authorizedispensing, a dispensing node to dispense the medical product and acontrolling node, which interfaces with the authorization and dispensingnodes. Similarly, U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030036683, entitled“Method, System and Computer Program Product for Internet-enabled,Patient Monitoring System,” provides a health status and pharmaceuticalcompliance monitoring system. The system comprises a medication storingsystem that is linked to a medical information management system anddatabase.

However, the above systems have certain limitations associated withthem. For example, especially when used at the patient's end, thesesystems do not provide adequate security against tampering or theft.Moreover, in these systems, medicaments have to be sorted into numerouscompartments or cups and loaded in the correct order so that they can bedispensed at the scheduled times.

In order to address the above-mentioned problems, several cassettes foruse in conjunction with an automatic dispensing device or system havebeen developed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,578,733, entitled “Cassettefor Storing and Feeding Discrete Objects”, assigned to Kirby-Lester,Inc. (Stamford, Conn.), filed on May 31, 2001, discloses a cassette forcounting and dispensing objects. The cassette is adapted to feed andguide tablets having a range of sizes and shapes towards an exit.Another such patent is U.S. Pat. No. 4,018,358, entitled “Cassette PillStoring, Dispensing and Counting Machine”, assigned to MedicineInnovators, Ltd. (West Union, Iowa), and filed on Sep. 18, 1975. Thispatent relates to a system that includes separate cassettes for storingdifferent pills. The cassettes are operated by a dispensing machine. Thedispensing machine provides a vacuum supply and a drive for operating awheel in the cassette to pick up pills in the bottom of the cassette andcarry them to a discharge opening under the vacuum pressure. The systemfurther comprises a fiber optic scanner at the discharge opening thatcounts each pill.

Various other prior art patents have disclosed similar mechanisms fordispensing medicaments. These include: U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,100, entitled“Apparatus and Method for Medication Dispensing and Messaging”, assignedto Interactive Medical Developments, L.C.; U.S. Patent Publication No.20030183642, entitled “Pill Dispensing Apparatus”; and U.S. Pat. No.6,554,157, entitled “Cassette Systems for Feeding, Counting andDispensing Discrete Objects,” assigned to Kirby-Lester, Inc.

However the above cited patents suffer from one or more of the followingdrawbacks or limitations. Firstly, in the case of existing cassettes orcompartments for dispensing of medicaments, it is difficult to identifythe content of each cassette to ensure that the correct medicament(s)are stored therein. Secondly, in these systems, cups or cassettescontaining the medicament units have to be manually filled, requiringsignificant manual labor which is prone to errors. Thirdly, thesesystems have to be programmed manually to indicate the positioning ofeach tray and the medicaments stored therein. Any error during themanual programming of the dispensing machine may lead to a wrongmedication being dispensed.

In view of the above mentioned drawbacks and limitations of the existingsystems, there is a need for a cassette or tray that, when used inconjunction with a dispensing machine or system, provides improvedsecurity against tampering or theft. Further, there is a need for asystem, which minimizes manual operations (e.g., programming of thesystem) and is therefore less prone to errors. There is also a need fora method and system for automatic dispensing of medicaments, which iscapable of correctly identifying the medicaments it is dispensing.Additionally, there is a need for a method and system that can identifythe correct cassette or tray for dispensing a particular medicine,irrespective of the cassette's or tray's loading position in thedispensing machine. Furthermore, such systems should be hermeticallysealed, so that they may be returnable to a pharmacy or other vendor orinstitution if not used by a hospital or patient.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The invention addresses the above and other needs by providing acassette or tray that is used in conjunction with an automaticmedicament dispensing machine for secure and intelligent dispensing ofmedicament units.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method and system forautomatically dispensing medicaments that requires a minimum amount ofmanual operations and is therefore less prone to human errors.

In a further embodiment, a device or system for automatically dispensingmedicaments is capable of identifying its contents and hence detecting acounterfeit medicament.

In yet another embodiment, an automatic medicament dispensing systemstores and communicates information regarding its contents, operationsand/or functions to at least one remote device or computer that monitorsthe contents, operations and/or functions of the system.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides a dispensing cassette ortray that can be used in automatic dispensing machines in variousorientations without getting jammed during dispensation of medicaments.

A further embodiment of the invention provides a medicaments dispensingsystem that is hermetically sealed. This enhances the shelf-life of themedicaments stored in the tray and also makes the medicaments returnableto a pharmacy, for example, if they are not used by a hospital orpatient within a certain time period.

In another embodiment of the invention, an improved medicamentsdispensing cassette or tray is provided. The cassette or tray is used inconjunction with an automatic medicaments dispensing machine or systemcapable of accommodating several trays, each of which contains aparticular medicament. In the discussion below, cassettes, trays, orother devices having compartments for storing medicaments therein, arecollectively referred to as “trays.”

In one embodiment, each tray comprises a storage chamber for medicamentunits, an outlet, a sorting and dispensing mechanism, and a medicamentmoving mechanism for moving one or more medicaments within the storagechamber toward the sorting and dispensing mechanism. Thereafter, thesorting and dispensing mechanism carries medicaments from the storagechamber to the outlet and dispenses one or more medicament units at atime as desired. In one embodiment, the medicament moving mechanismcomprises a compressible medium (e.g., an air bag or bellows) whichexpands within the storage chamber to push medicament units toward thesorting and dispensing mechanism. Alternatively, the moving mechanismmay comprise a spring-loaded device for exerting pressure on medicamentswithin the tray.

In one embodiment, the tray is capable of being securely andhermetically sealed.

In a further embodiment, the tray comprises a chemical absorber such asoxygen absorbers and desiccants, which enhance the shelf-life of themedicaments stored within the tray.

In another embodiment, the tray further comprises a scanner to identifythe color, shape and/or size of the medicaments being dispensed.Additionally, in one embodiment, the scanner is a complete spectrometercapable of chemical analysis.

In a further embodiment, the tray includes a machine readable memorydevice for storing medication and/or dispensation information as well asmicroinstructions for automatically functioning with other devices,e.g., a dispensing machine. Thus, the tray incorporates a “plug andplay” type of functionality.

In one embodiment, for example, the machine readable memory device is aradio frequency identification (“RFID”) tag or device that is presentwithin the tray for storing information such as the type of medicamentscontained in the tray, the medical practitioner who prescribed themedicaments, the patient(s) designated to receive the medicaments, thepharmacy from where the tray was bought and other desired information.The RFID device is capable of wireless communication with other devicessuch as a computer or a wireless communication device reader.

In one embodiment, the tray is capable of counting the medicaments beingdispensed and stores the exact inventory of the tray in the wirelesscommunication device which can be read by a wireless communicationdevice reader within the automatic dispensing machine or system orexternal to the machine or system. Information from the wirelesscommunication device can also be relayed or transmitted to one or moreexternal computers or devices that may be monitoring the contents,operations and status of the automatic dispensing machine.

In a further embodiment, a medicaments dispensing tray for dispensingmedicament units, includes: a housing made of a rigid material; astorage chamber within the housing to store the medicament units; anoutlet to dispense the medicament units; and a rotatable disk having atleast one radial groove configured to hold at least one medicament unit,the rotatable disk being positioned between the storage chamber and theoutlet such that when the rotatable disk rotates, the at least oneradial groove carries the at least one medicament unit from the storagechamber to the outlet. In further embodiment, this dispensing tray alsoincludes a compressible medium located within the storage chamber forpushing the at least one medicament unit from the storage chamber ontothe rotatable disk.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for dispensing atleast one medicament unit from a medicaments dispensing tray, themedicaments dispensing tray being used in conjunction with a medicamentsdispensing machine, the medicaments dispensing machine being capable ofcommunicating over an electronic network, the medicament dispensing trayincluding a memory storage device and a medium for communicating withthe medicaments dispensing machine. The method includes the steps of:(a) receiving a request for dispensing of a medicament unit; (b)obtaining information regarding the authenticity of medicaments based onat least one physical characteristic of the medicament unit; (c)obtaining information regarding the authenticity of a prescription forthe medicament units from the electronic network; (d) verifying thevalidity of the request for dispensing by comparing the informationobtained from steps b and c with information stored in the memorydevice; (e) dispensing a medicament unit for a valid request; (f)calculating the number of medicaments remaining in the medicamentsdispensing tray using the information stored in the memory device; (g)updating the information stored in the memory device; and (h) sendingthe updated information over the electronic network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a medicaments dispensing machine fordomestic use, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a medicaments dispensing machine forprofessional healthcare use, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the tray illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B,in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a front view of the tray illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a back view of the tray illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are side views of the tray illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the tray illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a sorting and dispensing mechanism, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is an exploded view of the sorting and dispensing mechanismillustrated in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the sorting and dispensingmechanism illustrated in FIG. 8;

FIG. 11 is an exploded view of the tray illustrated in FIG. 2, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a fiber-optic scanner that may be usedwithin a medicament dispensing tray, in accordance with one embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 12B is a bottom view of the fiber-optic scanner illustrated in FIG.12A;

FIG. 13A is a top view of a pneumatic compressive bellows that may beused in a medicament dispensing tray, in accordance with one embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 13B is a bottom view of the pneumatic compressive bellowsillustrated in FIG. 13A;

FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B are cross-sectional views of illustratingengagement gear-toothed surfaces on conical disks used in a medicamentdispensing tray, in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of fiber optic cables with end shaped lensused in a medicament dispensing tray, in accordance with one embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 16 is an illustration of the main conical disk encoder layout usedin a medicament dispensing tray, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIGS. 17A, 17B, 17C, 17D and 17E illustrate layouts of a patient memorytable that may be stored within a medicament dispensing tray and/or anautomatic dispensing machine, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

FIGS. 18A, 18B, and 18C illustrate layouts of a healthcare professionalmemory table that may be stored within a medicament dispensing trayand/or an automatic dispensing machine, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of electronic components and/or circuitryresiding within a smart tray, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 20A-20E illustrate flowchart diagrams of various logical functionsperformed by software, firmware and/or hardware residing within a smarttray, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 21 provides a perspective view of a tray for sorting and dispensingbottles or containers of medicaments, in accordance with an alternativeembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in detail belowwith reference to the figures, wherein like elements are referenced withlike numerals throughout. In one embodiment, the present inventionprovides a smart dispensing tray for storing, sorting and dispensingmedicaments. The smart dispensing tray is used in conjunction with amedicaments dispensing machine or system configured to hold or carry oneor more trays. Each tray can store, sort and dispense one or more typesof medicament, which may include pills, tablets, capsules, bottles andother uniformly sized articles.

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a medicaments dispensing machine 106which holds a plurality of medicament dispensing trays 100, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 1A,medicaments dispensing machine 106 comprises a vertical column in whichseveral trays 100 may be inserted. Medicaments dispensing machine 106may be used as a table top unit, may be mounted on a wall, under akitchen cabinet or other desired positions. The vertical column ofmedicaments dispensing machine comprises a plurality of slots 102, wheretrays 100 may be inserted. In preferred embodiments, a tray 100 may beinserted in any available slot 102. As soon as a tray 100 is inserted ina slot 102, medicaments dispensing machine 106 automatically identifiesthe medicaments stored in tray 100 and tray 100 is automatically lockedinto the slot 102. These steps of automatically identifying themedicaments and locking the tray into slot 102 are discussed in furtherdetail below with reference to FIGS. 4-6.

In another embodiment of the invention, medicaments dispensing machine106 comprises a horizontal column having a plurality of verticallyoriented slots configured to receive trays 100 therein. In oneembodiment, trays 100 are configured to be inserted into a vertical orhorizontal column of a dispensing machine 106 without any change indesign of tray 100. In prior systems and trays, if a tray is not levelor installed in a pre-specified orientation, such systems and trays areprone to jamming or malfunctioning because their sorting and dispensingmechanisms are not designed to operate in different orientations. Thus,as discussed in further detail below, the tray of the present inventionprovides a significant advantage in that it is designed to operate invarious orientations while being less prone to getting jammed withmedicaments or otherwise malfunctioning.

In one embodiment, medicaments dispensing machine 106 also comprises asee-through, shatter-proof door 104, which can be locked using anelectronic lock, for example, to protect medicaments from theft orunauthorized dispensing. In a further embodiment, medicaments dispensingtray 106 comprises one or more biometric sensors for identifyingauthorized persons prior to dispensing medicaments and unlocks theelectronic lock upon authorization. Biometric sensors for matchingfingerprints with authorized fingerprint patterns stored in a memory,for example, are known in the art. Other types of biometric sensors suchas voice recognition, retinal scanning, face recognition, etc., are alsoknown in the art and may be utilized in the present invention.

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a medicaments dispensing machine 106configured for use in a professional healthcare facility, in accordancewith another embodiment of the invention. Such professional healthcarefacility may be a medical practitioner's office, a nursing home, ahospital or other professional healthcare location. Medicamentsdispensing machine 106 for professional healthcare use comprises a longvertical column 108 which can accommodate a large number of trays 100.Medicament dispensing machine 106 also comprises a secure storagecabinet 110 for storing an inventory of trays 100 for future use. Themedicaments dispensing machine 106 further includes a computer 112having a monitor/display and a keyboard. Via computer 112, a user canaccess, read and/or write data pertaining to one or more trays 100 heldwithin the dispensing machine 106. Additionally, the computer 112 canupload information from a memory/data storage device (discussed infurther detail below) contained within the tray 100, process sensor data(also discussed in further detail below) received from the tray 100, andalso communicate with other network computers and devices to providevarious functions. For example, if a central network computer (notshown) sends out a message recalling a certain type of medicamentdetermined to be dangerous, the computer 112 can receive thisinformation and upon communicating with a tray 100 containing therecalled medication, the computer 112 can disable dispensing of themedicament from that tray 100 and thereafter notify the central networkcomputer of the status of tray 100.

Thus, via a computer network (e.g., the Internet), medicament dispensingmachines dispersed in a wide geographic region may be monitored andintelligently controlled. This provides significant advantages in thatmedicament dispensing machines located in patient's homes as well ashospitals may be effectively monitored and controlled. As shown in FIGS.1A and 1B, the medicaments dispensing machine 106 for home use (FIG. 1A)is a smaller and portable device, while medicaments dispensing machine106 for professional healthcare use (FIG. 1B) is a taller device.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of tray 100 in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention. The tray 100 comprises a plastic casing 202made, for example, of a modified copolymer material, which is a tough,non-brittle and bio-friendly plastic. Further, this material possessesanti-static properties and has a UV-filtering capacity, which can extendthe shelf life of medicaments stored within tray 100. Such materials arewell known in the art and commercially available. For example, ProvistaCopolymer™ manufactured by Eastman Chemical Company may be utilized.This material has been tested so as to not produce toxic gases if burnedin a fire. Additionally, this material has been demonstrated to beflame-retardant and, therefore, does not constitute an “exciter” forfires.

In one embodiment, casing 202 is made of two halves: a bottom casing 204and an upper casing 206, which are hermetically sealed to each other. Ina further embodiment of the invention, casing 202 has an octagonal shape(as shown in FIG. 2). Casing 202, however, may be configured in theshape of a square, circle, rectangle or any other desired shape. In theexemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the dimensions of the tray areseven inches in diameter and three-quarters of an inch in height orthickness. Additionally, in one embodiment, the thickness of the casingwalls 202 and 204 are 0.005 to 0.040 inches thick and reinforced withembossments 222 to provide additional strength and durability to thecasing halves 202 and 204. The thinness of the casing walls in preferredembodiments allows the tray 100 to be manufactured more cheaply andefficiently. It is appreciated that the casing thickness is very thinfor reducing the cost of materials and speeding up the rate of injectioncycles of an injection molding process. In one embodiment, the shape,protrusions and/or depressions (e.g., the integral handle 240 andembossments 222) provided on the casing are engineered strengtheningelements having a dual role of strengthening the casing and providingfunctionality to the operation of the smart tray. In one embodiment, thecasing is made from a non brittle, anti static, fire retardant andbio-friendly plastic that does not produce harmful gases to humans incase of fire. In a further embodiment, the plastic provides ultra-violet(UV) and sun ray filtering to protect medications stored within the trayfrom the UV and sun ray exposure and prevent heat build-up inside thetray that can potentially damage the medicaments. Additionally, sincethe tray is bio-friendly, it can also be easily discarded in a wastedump or recycled for its materials.

Casing 202 further comprises an inlet 208 to load the medicaments intray 100 and an outlet 210 to dispense the stored medicaments. A one-waysnap door 212 closes inlet 208 and hermetically seals inlet 208. Aself-sealing door 214 closes outlet 210. In one embodiment, door 214 isa spring-loaded door, which is kept closed by a spring (not shown) andis opened only at the time of dispensing a medicament. Casing 202 alsocomprises an opening 216 for admitting a rotational energy engagementmechanism or element such as drive gear into tray 100. The drive gearprovides a driving force to a sorting and dispensing mechanism(discussed in further detail below with reference to FIG. 8), presentwithin tray 100. As discussed below, this sorting and dispensingmechanism is used to dispense medicament units stored in tray 100.

In one embodiment, opening 216 is closed by a lower shutter 218 and anupper shutter 220 both of which are self-sealing spring loaded shutters.When tray 100 is inserted in the dispensing machine 106, shutters 218and 220 open to allow an external rotational energy engagement element(e.g., a drive gear) to enter an internal compartment of tray 100 andengage an internal rotational energy engagement element (e.g. aninternal drive gear), which is discussed in further detail below.

As mentioned above, in one embodiment, the outer surface of casing 202comprises hollow embossments 222, which serve to strengthen casing 202.Embossments 222 also serve as guide-rails for a compression means(discussed in further detail below with reference to FIGS. 13A and 13B)inside tray 100. The surfaces of casing 202 and 204 further eachcomprise depression walls 224 and depression walls 226. In oneembodiment, two depression walls 224 are provided at correspondinglocations on casing half 202 and casing half 204 so as to providesupport walls for desiccant and oxygen absorber canisters 1108 and 1110(FIG. 11) inside tray 100. The chemical absorbers such as desiccants andoxygen absorbers are used to absorb moisture and oxygen from within tray100, and thereby increase the shelf life of medicaments significantlyand prevent stored medicaments from disintegrating and/or adhering toeach other. Depression walls 226, also located at correspondinglocations on casing halves 202 and 204 provide support for an engagementgear (discussed in detail below with reference to FIGS. 8 and 11) insidetray 100.

The top surface of casing 202 comprises a wall 228, a wall 230, a wall232 and a wall 234. Wall 228 and wall 230 together form a double steppedwall that helps in filtering and sorting the medicaments. Wall 232 is aconical wall, which helps in guiding the movement of medicament unitsinside tray 100 while dispensing them. Wall 234 is a vertical wall thatprevents the medicaments from entering into the sorting and dispensingmechanism inside tray 100 from the wrong direction. Hence wall 234prevents the medicaments from jamming or back-filling into the sortingand dispensing mechanism. The top surface of casing 202 also comprises aprojection 236 protruding outwards. Projection 236 prevents themedicaments from jamming in the central adjustment portion of thesorting and dispensing mechanism. Projection 236 further comprises aprojection 238. Projection 238 includes an internally threaded wall thataccommodates a top adjustment portion of the sorting and dispensingmechanism (discussed in further detail below). Because the topadjustment portion of the sorting and dispensing mechanism fits intoprojection 238, the sorting and dispensing mechanism is held in positioninside tray 100.

As shown in FIG. 2, casing 202 comprises a pull handle 240 at the frontend of tray 100. Pull handle 240 is used for manually handling tray 100while inserting or removing tray 100 from the medicaments dispensingmachine 106. In one embodiment, casing 202 further comprises a framearea 242, which acts as a location guide for holding a detachable couponfor displaying information concerning, for example, rebates, discountsor other advertising information. It is appreciated that allowing thirdparties to place human or machine readable advertisements and/orredeemable, detachable coupons in the frame area 242 will provide arevenue stream for manufacturers or vendors of the smart trays. In oneembodiment, frame area 242 is formed of positive embossments, which alsohelp in strengthening casing 202.

A multi-colored multi-functional display 244 is present on pull handle240. In one embodiment, display 244 can display multiple differentcolors and/or characters. For example, display 244 changes colors andblinking status to indicate the working status of tray 100.Additionally, display 244 may show a solid green light to indicate thateverything is working properly or a yellow light to indicate that tray100 needs to be replenished soon. To indicate that tray 100 is empty,display 244 may flash a blinking red light. Thus, display 244 visuallyreports the status of tray 100.

FIG. 3 is a front view of tray 100, which further shows a frame area 302that provides space to attach a label (not shown). In one embodiment,the label contains information regarding the medicaments in tray 100that are present on an ordinary medicine bottle. The information on thelabel includes, for example, medicament name, medicament type, usageinstructions, medical practitioner name, patient name, batch number,manufacturer expiry date and other such information. The label may alsoinclude a bar code containing similar information. Frame area 302 isformed of positive embossments, which also help in strengthening casing202.

FIG. 4 is a rear view of tray 100. An alignment lock 402 is present onthe back end of tray 100 in order to provide a self-alignment,auto-locking mechanism for tray 100 when inserted into a slot 102 (FIG.1A) of a dispensing machine 106. In one embodiment, alignment lock 402includes a ball pin that guides tray 100 into a slot 102 and thenautomatically aligns and snap locks tray 100 in place. Further, FIG. 4shows two metallic contacts 404 that, in one embodiment, comprise twosingle wire serial communication links for communicating directly withoptical sensors in the dispensing machine 106. These communication linksalso allow the circuitry within the smart tray to connect directly to,for example, an electronic network modem, to the dispensing equipmentclock system, servo driver circuitry and database, or any other desiredexternal circuitry to implement various desired functions as describedherein. It is understood that any suitable programmable and readablenon-volatile memory or data storage device may be used in the tray 100.In one embodiment, alignment lock 402 can be made of a conductivematerial and function as a ground pin. Thus, the metallic contacts 404and the alignment lock 402 provide a three-contact interface forcommunicating with circuitry/devices in the dispensing machine 106.

In further embodiments, an electromagnetic field communication devicesuch as a wireless communication device (not shown) may be alternativelyor additionally employed in the tray 100 to store and communicateinformation pertaining to stored medicaments to the dispensing machineand enable various functionalities in accordance with the presentinvention. Exemplary types of information that may be stored in thewireless communication device and/or other memory device are describedin further detail below with reference to FIGS. 17A-18C. Thus,information stored within each tray 100 pertaining to the medicamentsstored therein can be automatically provided to the automatic medicamentdispensing machine 106 by direct wired contacts to a memory devicewithin tray 100 and/or via electromagnetic transmission such as radiofrequency transmission between a wireless communication device withinthe tray 100 and corresponding reader circuitry, hardware and softwarewithin the medicament dispensing machine 106 and/or other externaldevices. Various types of electromagnetic communication devices (e.g.,RFID tags, smart cards, infrared, Bluetooth devices, other two-wayfull-duplex electromagnetic field communication devices, etc.) andcorresponding readers, which may be used in the present invention, areknown in the art. As used herein, electromagnetic communication refersto both wired and wireless communication and includes the entire rangeof electromagnetic radiation, which includes frequencies of 10²³ cyclesper second to 0 cycles per second, and wavelengths from 10⁻¹³centimeters to infinity. From the lowest frequency to the highest (orthe longest wavelength to the shortest) the spectrum includes electriccurrent, heat, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visiblelight (colors), ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays, andcosmic-ray photons.

FIG. 4 also shows a plurality of electromagnetic communication ports forcommunicating with external device that can be coupled to one or more ofthe ports. In one embodiment, these ports comprise fiber optic ports406P, 408P, 410P and 412P, which hold one end of a fiber optic cable.The other of the fiber optic is located within the tray to analyzeeither contents of the tray or monitor operation of the tray (asdiscussed in further detail below. In one embodiment, each end of eachfiber optic cable comprises molded or shaped optic lens (e.g., aplano-convex lens) for focusing the electromagnetic field for optimaloperation. Such molded or shaped optic lens are known in the art. In oneembodiment, port 406P connects the medicaments dispensing machine 106 toa fiber optic cable (discussed in further detail below with reference toFIG. 15) that checks the positioning and functioning of tray 100. Port408P connects the medicaments dispensing machine 106 to a second fiberoptic cable that connects to an electromagnetic reading device such as ascanner (discussed below with reference to FIGS. 12A and 12B). Invarious embodiments, the scanner can function as a bar code scannerand/or as a spectrometer that identifies the color, shape and/or size ofthe medicament units while they pass through the sorting and dispensingmechanism 800 (FIGS. 8 and 9). The scanner can therefore check andverify the authenticity of the medicaments stored in tray 100. Port 410Pconnects the medicaments dispensing machine 106 to a third fiber opticcable that connects to a second scanner (discussed below with referenceto FIG. 15) at outlet 210, which checks the color, size, shape and/orchemical composition of the medicaments at the time of dispensing. Asused herein, the term “scanner” refers to an electronic device thatdetects or scans for some signal, condition or physical characteristic.

In preferred embodiments, ports 406P, 408P and 410P connect to sensorspresent in medicaments dispensing machine 106. These sensors includecolor sensors and spectrometer sensors that are not only capable ofdetecting the color, shape and/or size of the medicament units but arealso capable of detecting a counterfeit medicine by comparing senseddata to data stored in a memory device within the smart tray 100. Inother embodiments, the data stored in the memory device in the smarttray is uploaded to memory, e.g., RAM, (not shown) within the medicamentdispensing machine 106. Port 412P connects circuitry within themedicaments dispensing machine 106 to a fourth fiber optic cable(discussed below with reference to FIG. 15) that connects to display244. Thus, circuitry within the medicament dispensing machine 106 and/orthe smart tray 100 can control operation of the display 244. Alignmentlock 402 ensures correct alignment between the drive gears and fiberoptic connections of the tray 100 with corresponding structures/contactsin the dispensing machine 106.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate side views of tray 100 and further show LEDdisplay 244 present on the front end of tray 100 and the alignment lock402 present on the back end of tray 100. FIG. 5 also shows the positionof frame area 242 and opening 216 as visible from a right side of tray100 while FIG. 6 shows frame area 302, as viewed from a left side oftray 100.

FIG. 7 illustrates a bottom view of tray 100 that further showsembossments 222 on a bottom side of casing 204. The bottom side ofcasing 204 has a channel 702 for the third fiber optic cable thatconnects to the scanner at outlet 210. Hence, each medicament unit beingdispensed can be viewed from port 410P through the fiber optic cable inchannel 702. Channel 704 holds the fourth fiber optic cable, whichconnects port 412P to display 244. As shown in FIG. 7, channels 702 and704 merge together to form a single channel. The casing 204 furthercomprises a channel 706 that holds the first and second fiber opticcables, which connect to ports 406P and 408P, respectively. FIG. 7 alsoshows an opening 708 at the bottom of casing 202, through which a bottomportion of the sorting and dispensing mechanism 800 is exposed outsidecasing 202. As discussed in further detail below, opening 708 is used toadjust the spacing of structures within the sorting and dispensingmechanism in accordance with the shape and size of the medicament beingdispensed.

The bottom surface of casing 202 further comprises an indented portionor depression 710, which forms an internal protrusion that functions asa loading ramp on an inner surface of casing 202 for loading ofmedicaments into the sorting and dispensing mechanism 800. A one-wayvalve 712 is present on the bottom surface of casing 202 and provides aninlet for air or other gas for expanding a compressible medium, air bagor bellows within the storage compartment of the tray 100 in order topush medicament units into the sorting and dispensing mechanism 800.Alternatively, in other embodiments, the compressible medium may be aspring-loaded mechanism for exerting a pressure on the medicaments in adesired direction. The compressible medium (1) serves to loadmedicaments into the dispensing portion of the tray and (2) stabilizesmovement of medicaments within the tray during transit, which helpsprevent breakage or chipping of the medicaments (e.g., pills).

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the sorting and dispensing mechanism 800in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The sorting anddispensing mechanism 800 comprises a conical disk assembly 802, whichfurther comprises a gear-toothed periphery. Medicament units 804 arestored in a storage portion of tray 100. The surface walls of tray 100and a wall 806 formed within tray 100 define the storage portion of thetray 100. Wall 806, the boundaries of which are illustrated by dashedlines 806, prevents medicament units 804 from entering into sorting anddispensing mechanism 800.

The conical disk assembly 802 further comprises radial grooves 808 forreceiving and carrying medicament units from the storage portion to anoutlet 210. Although in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 8, fourradial grooves are illustrated, any desired number of such radialgrooves may be incorporated in the conical disk assembly 802. In oneembodiment, grooves 808 have an adjustable size, which can be changedaccording to the shape and size of medicament units 804. A slidablyfitted door 810 is present along each groove 808 so as to maintain adesired size and shape of groove 808, as well as maintain the parallelconfiguration of the adjustable opening or groove to accurately controlsorting and alignment of the medicaments during dispensing. This permitsonly one pill to be dispensed at a time and allows more accuratecounting and analysis of each pill that is dispensed.

In one embodiment, conical disk assembly 802 is made of clear plastic.Therefore, the medicament units present in grooves 808 are more easilyvisible to a scanner 812 present at the periphery of conical diskassembly 802. Additionally, as described in further detail below, therotating disks 902 and 904 are set apart from one another by apredetermined distance (e.g., 50% of the height of medicament unit) sothat a space is provided between the disks 902 and 904. Through thespace between the disks 902 and 904, the scanner 812 can directly viewat least a portion of the radial side surfaces of medicament unitscontained in the groove 808 as they are being transported to the outlet210. In this way, scanner 812 can identify the color, shape, size and/orchemical composition of the medicament units present in grooves 808 andcan also identify barcodes or other marks present on the medicamentunits 804. Scanners or other electromagnetic reading devices capable ofperforming the types of functions of scanner 812 are well known andcommercially available.

Conical disk assembly 802 further comprises one or more latches 814adjacent to each groove 808. When conical disk assembly 802 rotates todispense a single unit of medicament, latch 814 interacts with scanner812 to make it scan the groove 808 and any medicament units containedtherein, as described in further detail below with reference to FIG. 9.Furthermore, a projection 816 extends downwardly from each latch 814 forfacilitating the opening of door 214 (FIG. 2) when a medicament unit 804is being dispensed by tray 100.

An idler gear 818 is present inside casing 202 that provides engagementof the gear teeth present on the periphery of conical disk assembly 802to a drive gear in the medicaments dispensing machine 106. Idler gear818 provides drive force for rotating the sorting and dispensingmechanism 800. A compressible medium or mechanism such as a springwasher 820 presses idler gear 818 downwards and provides a lockingmechanism for idler gear 818 as described in further detail below.

FIG. 9 is an exploded view of the sorting and dispensing mechanism 800.Sorting and dispensing mechanism 800 comprises a conical disk assembly802 (FIG. 8), which further comprises two rotatable conical disks 902and 904, and a stationary conical disk 906. Conical disk 902 and conicaldisk 904 are free to rotate on a central axis and are therefore referredto as rotatable conical disks. Conical disk 904 comprises a snappingmechanism 904A that passes through the center of conical disk 902 andsnaps into a threaded cap 908. Snapping mechanism 904A holds conicaldisk 902 and conical disk 904 together. Furthermore, conical disk 904comprises a gear-toothed surface 904B on a top surface of the conicaldisk 904. Conical Disk 902 also comprises a similar gear-toothed surface(not shown) on the bottom of the surface designated as 902A of conicaldisk 902.

Two embodiments of gear-toothed surfaces 902A and 904B are illustratedin FIGS. 14A and 14B. Gear-toothed surface 902A and gear-toothed surface904B engage each other such that conical disk 902 and conical disk 904rotate together in unison. It is understood that the gear-toothed drivemechanism described above is exemplary only and other types ofrotational energy engagement elements or mechanisms may also be employedin accordance with the invention. For example, a belt drive assembly ora custom configured transmission system, similar to those implemented inautomobiles, may be implemented by those of ordinary skill in the artwithout undue experimentation. Alternatively, or additionally, magneticcoupling engagement mechanisms or drive assemblies may also be employedin accordance with the invention.

Sorting, separating and dispensing mechanism 800 further includes an endcap 910, which snaps into cap 908 to hermetically seal the dispensingmechanism enclosure. Cap 908 and cap 910 are accommodated in projection238 (FIG. 2) in casing 202. Threads on the inner surface of projection236 match with the threads on cap 908.

The distance between conical disk 902 and wall 232 (FIG. 2) can beadjusted by rotating disk assembly 802 and moving cap 908 up and downalong the threads of projection 236. In one embodiment of the invention,the distance between conical disk 902 and wall 232 is adjusted equal to70% of the height of medicament units 804. Further, the distance betweenconical disk 904 and conical disk 906 is adjusted to 50% of the heightof the medicament units 804. In one embodiment, when medicament units804 are being sorted in grooves 808, conical disks 902 and 904 are setapart by approximately 50% of the height of medicament units 804.Further, there is a space of at least 20% of the height of medicamentunits 804 between the wall 232 and medicament units 804 when they arepositioned within grooves 808. This prevents jamming of medicament units840 in sorting and dispensing mechanism 800. The adjustment of theheight of conical disk 906 within casing 202 is discussed in furtherdetail below.

A radial groove 902B and a radial groove 904C are present on conicaldisks 902 and 904 respectively, corresponding to each of the grooves 808shown in FIG. 8. Each of the doors 810 have a groove or slit 810A forreceiving therein corresponding pins 904D present on the top surface toconical disk 904. A door-guiding rail is present on the bottom ofconical disk 902 (not shown) corresponding to each of the doors 810 suchthat the doors 810 slide on pins 904D and are guided by the door-guidingrails to maintain a consistently parallel rectangular groove 808 asshown in FIG. 8. The width of grooves 808 can be adjusted by twistingconical disk 902 with respect to conical disk 904 such that the width ofthe grooves 808 is adjusted substantially equal to the diameter ofmedicament units 804.

In one embodiment of the invention, conical disk 902 and conical disk904 rotate in an anti-clockwise direction (as viewed from the top). Whenconical disk 902 and conical disk 904 rotate while carrying medicamentunits 804 in grooves 808, the double stepped wall, formed of wall 228and wall 230, assist in sorting medicament units 804 and prevents themfrom jamming in the sorting and dispensing mechanism 800. Wall 234 onthe other hand prevents medicament units 804 from entering into sortingand dispensing mechanism 800 from the wrong direction.

Conical disk 906 remains stationary throughout the dispensing ofmedicament units 804. Conical disk 906 provides surface support formedicament units in grooves 808 that are dragged as conical disk 902 andconical disk 904 rotates. As shown in FIG. 9, conical disk 906 comprisesa projection 906A at the center of conical disk 906, which providesalignment to conical disk 906 with conical disks 902 and 904. Conicaldisk 906 further comprises a slot 906B that further comprises guidingrails or channels on opposite sides of the slot 906B for accommodating a“living hinge” 912. Living hinge 912 comprises several rectangularpieces attached to each other through living hinge connections 912A,which provide flexibility to living hinge 912. The top surfaces of therectangular pieces of the living hinge 912 are substantially planar withthe top surface of the conical disk 906 so as to prevent jamming ofmedicament units that pass over the living hinge as the disks 902 and904 rotate. Living hinges are well-known in the plastic industry.

A pin (not shown) is present at the bottom surface of the rectangularpiece 912B which is closest to the center of conical disk 906 (shown inbetter detail in FIG. 10). The pin extending downwardly from rectangularpiece 912B fits into a spiral groove present on the top surface of adisk 914. Disk 914 snaps into a snapping mechanism 906C present at thebottom of the conical disk 906. When disk 914 is rotated, the pin movesin or out in a radial direction following the spiral groove on the disk914. The length of living hinge 912 may therefore be adjusted byrotating disk 914. Furthermore, living hinge 912 comprises a smallstopper 912C at an opposite end of the living hinge 912. In oneembodiment of the invention, the length of living hinge 912 is adjustedsuch that the space between stopper 912C and the diameter of conicaldisk 906 is equal to 70% of the length of medicament units 804. Thisallows dispensing of only one medicament unit 804 when groove 808reaches the slot 906B. The stopper 912C pushes upwardly and tilts a pillcontained at a radial, outermost portion of the groove 808 so that thepill falls out an exit aperture 913 and into outlet 210 (FIG. 2). Thus,as shown in FIG. 10, by adjusting the position of stopper 912C withinthe tray 100, the size of the exit aperture 913 may be adjusted so as toallow the dispensing of only one pill at a time. Stopper 912C alsoprevents medicament units 804 from sliding down the living hinge 912into outlet 210. It is appreciated that the accurate dispensing of onlya single pill at a time allows for accurate counting, dispensing andmonitoring of inventory of medicament units.

Snapping mechanism 906C further snaps into a threaded cap 916 and holdsconical disk 906, disk 914 and threaded cap 916 together. The threadspresent on the outer surface of cap 916 engage with threads present onthe inner surface of casing 202. The entire assembly comprising conicaldisk 906, disk 914 and cap 916 may therefore be moved up or down byrotating cap 916. In one embodiment, the height of the entire assemblycomprising conical disk 906, disk 914 and cap 916 is adjusted such thatthe distance between conical disk 906 and conical disk 904 is equal to50% of the height of medicament units 41. A cap 918 snaps into cap 916to provide hermetical sealing of tray 100.

Idler gear 818 rotates on a cylinder 920, which is attached to a lowerwall of casing 202. Furthermore, small cylinders 922 are present on thelower wall of casing 202 that fit into matching grooves (not shown)present on the lower surface of idler gear 818. When cylinders 922engage in the grooves present on the lower surface of idler gear 818,idler gear 818 is locked and cannot rotate. In this way, the tray is“locked” when it is not positioned within a dispensing machine 106 so asto provide security against tampering and theft of medicaments stored inthe tray. The drive gear 902D present in the tray 100, engages the gearteeth of idler gear 818. As shown in FIG. 9, the gear teeth of idlergear 818 are configured at a specified angle so as to provide a liftingforce when engaged by an external gear (not shown) provided bymedicament dispensing machine 106. Thus, in addition to providing arotating force to the idler gear 818, the external drive gear provides alifting mechanism for idler gear 818. This lifting mechanism disengagesidler gear 818 from the locking mechanism provided by cylinders 922,thereby allowing the idler gear 818 to engage and rotate the drive gear902D within the tray 100. In one embodiment, the idler gear 818 is ahelix gear, which is a well-known type of gear for providing a quietrotational drive element. Thus, in one embodiment, the smart tray of thepresent invention reduces operational noise and minimizes potentialdisturbance to nearby patients or caregivers.

FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the sorting and dispensingmechanism 800, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Cap910 comprises an axial receptacle 910A (e.g., an Allen key receptacle),which adjusts the height of cap 910. A similar receptacle, receptacle904F is present at the center of conical disk 904 for adjusting theheight of cap 904. Disk 914 comprises a spiral groove 914A and an axialreceptacle 914B. The pin which extends downwardly from rectangular piece912B of the living hinge 912 fits in groove 914A, and as disk 914 isrotated, the pin is moved radially inwardly or outwardly. Receptacle914B provides space for rotating disk 914 and therefore facilitatesadjusting the length of living hinge 912. Cap 916 further comprises anaxial receptacle 916A, which helps in rotating cap 916. Receptacle 916Atherefore facilitates adjusting the height of conical disk 906.

In one embodiment, to accommodate high-speed adjustment of the smarttray in accordance with the size and shape of the particular medicamentunits to be stored within the tray, all adjustments may be performed atone central location of the tray using only one engagement key. In orderto adjust the levels of all components of the conical disk assembly, anengagement key (e.g., an Allen key or slot key) is inserted into theconical disc assembly through receptacle 916A such that the key passesthrough receptacles or spaces 916B, 914B, 904F, 904E and 910A. Firstly,adjustment of the height of cap 910 is made by rotating the engagementkey in receptacle 910A. Subsequently, the engagement key is pulled awayfrom receptacle 910A such that an end of the engagement key ispositioned within an empty space 904E. The engagement key is thenaligned such that it may be pulled into and received by key receptacle904F. Thereafter the engagement key is rotated in receptacle 904F inorder to adjust the height of conical disk 904. Once the height ofconical disk 904 is adjusted, the engagement key is realigned toreceptacle 914B and is pulled into receptacle 914B. The engagement keyis rotated in receptacle 914B to adjust the length of living hinge 912.Subsequently the engagement key is pulled into an empty space 916B androtated in empty space 916B so that it aligns with receptacle 916A. Theengagement key is then pulled into receptacle 916A and the lastadjustment is made by rotating the engagement key in receptacle 916A, inorder to adjust the height of conical disk 906.

FIG. 11 is an exploded view of the medicaments dispensing tray 100, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention. The sorting anddispensing mechanism 800 is positioned within casing 202 of the tray100. Tray 100 further comprises an electromagnetic communication device1102, which has a memory/data storage device and the ability tocommunicate data to other devices. Further details regarding theinformation that may be stored in the memory/data storage device ofelectromagnetic communication device 1102 are provided below withreference to FIGS. 17 and 18. It is understood that any type of suitabledata storage device or reprogrammable electron valve device (e.g., anydevice capable of controlling the storage and flow of electrons) may beutilized to store information in accordance with the present invention.

Electromagnetic communication device 1102 is capable of electromagneticcommunication with other devices such as RFID or smart card readers,infrared and/or other circuitry (not shown) within medicamentsdispensing machine 106. Tray 100 may be located and identified usingelectromagnetic communication device 1102, for example, in a shelf in apharmacy or during transportation. Electromagnetic communication device1102 further comprises an antenna 1102A for enhancing the communicatingability of tray 100. Many types of electromagnetic communication devicesand corresponding readers are known in the art such as RFID tags, smartcards, Infrared, Bluetooth devices, etc., and their correspondingreaders.

Shutter 218 and shutter 220 that fit in bottom casing 204 and top casing206 respectively are also shown in FIG. 11. Shutter 218 and shutter 220are pressure or spring-loaded doors that cover opening 216 (FIG. 2). Asdiscussed above, opening 216 is used for engagement of idler gear 818with the drive gear inside medicaments dispensing machine 106.

FIG. 11 further shows a compressible medium, air bag or bellows 1104 (inits compressed state) that pushes medicament units 804 towards sortingand dispensing mechanism 800. Further details regarding the air bellows1104 are provided below with reference to FIGS. 13A and 13B. FIG. 11further shows threads 1105 on the bottom surface of casing 202 thataccommodates cap 916 (FIG. 9). It should be noted that threads 1105present on the bottom surface of casing 202 are inclined at a certainangle. In one embodiment of the invention, wherein tray 100 is beingused for dispensing small tablets, the axis of the conical disk assemblymakes an angle of 10 degrees from the vertical.

Door 214 present at outlet 210 comprises a spring 1106 that keeps door214 closed when medicament unit 804 is not being dispensed. Whenmedicament unit 804 is being dispensed, projection 816 present onconical disk 904 (FIG. 9) interacts with a projection 214A on door 214to push open the door. Further, FIG. 11 shows chemical (e.g., oxygen)absorber canisters 1108 and desiccant canisters 1110 present inside tray100. Chemical absorbers 1108 are typically in the form of bags orsachets containing chemical compounds, the active ingredient of which ispowdered iron oxide. For example, oxygen absorbers bring the oxygenlevel in tray 100 down to 0.01% or less. Such oxygen absorbers are wellknown in the art and are made available by vendors like SorbentSystems™.Oxygen absorbers 1108 and desiccants 1110 are present under thedepression 224 on the top surface of casing 202, as shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 12A is the perspective view of fiber-optic scanner 812 comprising aC-shaped element 812A that fits on the periphery of conical disk 902such that the peripheral gear 902D (FIG. 9) freely rotates through theC-shaped element 812A but adjusts the height of the element 812A whenthe height of the conical disk 902 is adjusted. Thus, when conical disk902 is moved up or down, scanner 812 follows conical disk 902 in thevertical direction. Hence the position of scanner 812 is maintainedparallel to the periphery of the conical disk assembly. A pair of fiberoptic cables 408E and 408R are attached to scanner 812. The other endsof fiber optic cables 408E and 408R emerge at port 408P, discussed abovewith reference to FIG. 3. The light emitting and receiving surfaces (notshown) at the end of fiber optic cable 408E and 408R, respectively, facea reflecting surface 812B. Reflecting surface 812B may be a high polishplastic or may include a thin coating of reflecting material. A beam oflight is emitted through fiber optic cable 408E. This beam strikes onsurface 812B. The reflected light from 812B is received by fiber opticcable 408R.

Reflecting surface 812B is suspended on scanner 812 by a two-pointsupport. A spring mechanism 812C is present at the lower and upperpoints of the support and holds reflecting surface 812B at a particularangle. When reflecting surface 812B is rotated from its position, springmechanism 812C restores reflecting surface 812B to its originalposition. An arm 812D is attached to reflecting surface 812B such thatwhen conical disk assembly 802 rotates to dispense medicament unit 804,latch 814 interacts with arm 812D to rotate reflecting surface 812B.Once reflecting surface 812B is rotated, spring mechanism 812C restoresreflecting surface 812B back to its original position. Hence every timemedicament unit 804 is dispensed, reflecting surface 812B sweeps acertain angle. This angle provides a wide field of view to fiber opticcable 408R and as the reflecting surface sweeps through the angle itprovides a view of the entire groove 808 and the medicament units 804present therein to fiber optic cable 408R. In this way, the color, shapeand/or size of medicament units 804 present in groove 808 can beidentified by a sensor present in medicaments dispensing machine 106that is connected to port 408P. In a further embodiment, explained ingreater detail below with reference to FIG. 15, an additional scannercan be positioned above a top surface of the conical disk 802 to scan asurface of a medicament unit 804 stored in radial groove 808. Byproviding this additional scanning perspective and associated scan data,the method and system of the present invention provides more accurateidentification of incorrect, counterfeit or tampered-with medicamentunits.

In one embodiment, appropriate processing circuitry and memory forstoring comparative data and software reside within the dispensingmachine 106 for processing the optical data provided by fiber opticcable 408R, and comparing the data to known optic parameters in order tomake a decision as to the authenticity of the medicament units beingdispensed. Such optical scanning and processing technologies are wellknown in the art. Furthermore, it is also understood by those ofordinary skill in the art, that other types of machine readable devicesand their corresponding reader may be utilized instead of the fiberoptic cables and scanners described above. For example, electromagneticreading devices such as a charge-coupled device (CCD), or a CMOS opticalarray reading device, or an array of photo-diodes, or a Hall-effectdevice or other magnetic flux reading device may be utilized in thepresent invention.

FIG. 12B provides another perspective view of the fiber-optic scanner812 and further shows a groove 812E present on scanner 812. Groove 812Eengages on an internal wall present in casing 202 in order to retain andsecure scanner 812 in place. Another groove 812F is present on the backside of scanner 812 that engages another portion of an internal wallinside casing 202 so as to provide further support and stability to thescanner 812 inside the tray 100. It is appreciated that when the heightof the scanner 812 is adjusted in accordance with the height of theconical disk 902, as described above, the grooves 812E and 812F allowmovement in the vertical (or height) direction but securely holds thescanner 812 in place in the horizontal or lateral direction.

FIG. 13A illustrates a top view of a pneumatic compressive bellows 1104.In one embodiment of the invention, compressive bellows 1104 is an airbellows that is used for pushing medicament units 804 towards sortingand dispensing mechanism 800 (FIGS. 8 and 9). The bellows 1104 comprisesa front wall 1104A that covers the complete cross-section of themedicaments storage section of tray 100. A wall 1104A ensures that nomedicament unit 804 goes under or above compressive bellows 1104.Compressive bellows 1104 also comprises a series of buttons 1104B,formed in shape of small spheres, which move linearly in embossments 222as compressive bellows 1104 inflates or deflates. Embossments 222provide guiding rails to buttons 1104B so that bellows 1104 is held in acorrect position and alignment.

FIG. 13B illustrates a bottom view of the pneumatic compressive bellows1104 and further shows a one-way valve 712 present on the bottom surfaceof compressive bellows 1104. Valve 712 provides an inlet for air intothe bellows 1104. An opening to valve 712 is present on the lowersurface of casing 202 (shown in FIG. 7). In a fully inflated state,compressive bellows 1104 occupies the entire area of the storagecompartment and thus allows complete dispensing of all medicament units804 within the storage compartment.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are cross-sectional views of two embodiments ofgear-toothed surfaces on 902A, present on the bottom surface conicaldisk 902, and gear-toothed surface 904B, present on the top surface ofconical disk 904 (shown in FIG. 8). The gear-toothed surfaces 902A and904B engage each other to facilitate combined movement of conical disk902 and conical disk 904.

FIG. 14A shows a ratchet arrangement for engagement of gear-toothedsurface 902A with gear-toothed surface 904B that is used in oneembodiment of the invention. This ratchet arrangement locks conical disk902 and conical disk 904 such that they rotate together when rotated ina direction for dispensing medicament units 804, while allowing conicaldisk 902 and conical disk 904 to be rotated against each other in theother direction. In this way, as discussed above, the width of grooves808 can be adjusted by rotating conical disk 902 and conical disk 904against each other.

FIG. 14B shows another embodiment of the engagement mechanism betweengear-toothed surface 902A and gear-toothed surface 904B. In thisembodiment, gear-teeth of gear-toothed surface 902A and gear-toothedsurface 904B are modified such that they engage into each other and lockconical disk 902 and conical disk 904 from rotating against each otherin either direction.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of fiber optic cables 406, 408, 410 and412 discussed above. A pair of fiber optic cables 406E and 406R isconnected to port 406P on one end. The other end of fiber optic cables406E and 406R face conical disk assembly 802 and acquires a top surfaceview of conical disk assembly 802. Fiber optic cable 406E is used toemit light on conical disk assembly 802 and fiber optic cable 406R isused to receive reflected light from conical disk assembly 802. Fiberoptic cables 406E and 406R communicate information regarding thepositioning of conical disk assembly 802. In one embodiment of theinvention, conical disk assembly 802 carries markings on the top surfaceof conical disk assembly 802 (discussed in further detail below withreference to FIG. 16) which are identified by a sensor connected to port406P. Sensors for receiving optical data from a fiber optic cable arewell known. For example, Tri-Color sensors manufactured by MAZeT GmbH,Germany, may be utilized. Additionally, light emitting devices forproviding light to fiber optic emitter cables having molded or shapedoptic lens at the end of each fiber optic cable are also well known. Forexample, Sony's RGB 3 Chip LED, model no. GM1WA55360A, may be utilizedin accordance with the present invention.

In a further embodiment, the fiber optic cables 406E and 406R can alsobe used to scan medicament units 804 positioned within radial grooves808 to assist in identifying color, shape and/or size of the medicamentunits stored therein. The cables 406E and 406R can alternatively oradditionally be used to read one or more bar codes and/or markingspresent on each medicament unit 804. In this way, the method and systemof the present invention further provides accurate detection ofincorrect or counterfeit medicaments or detects when medicament unitshave been tampered with.

Fiber optic cables 408E and 408R connect port 408P to scanner 812 andcommunicate information such as bar code information and/or the color,shape and/or size of medicament units 804 being carried in grooves 808of conical disk assembly 802.

Fiber optic cables 410E and 410R connect port 410P to a scanner 1501present at outlet 210. Scanner 1501 comprises two reflector elements,1502 and 1504. Fiber optic cable 410E emits light that is reflected by acurved and/or multi-faceted reflective surface 1506. In one embodiment,multiple facets (not shown) can be arranged along a curve or arc (asindicated by surface 1506) or, alternatively, along a straight line. Themultiple facets divide an incident light beam into multiple reflectedbeams each traveling a different path toward a series of angularreflective surfaces 1506B. The beams reflect off the multiple angularreflective surfaces 1506B and become incident on a series ofcorresponding angular reflective surfaces 1508B on reflective element1504. The beams are then reflected off of the angular reflectivesurfaces 1508B and become incident on curved and/or multi-facetedreflective surface 1508. In one embodiment, each facet of reflectivesurface 1506 has a different height to produce different lightintensities or distributions. Alternatively or additionally, each ofthese facets could have a different reflective finish to producedifferent intensities. In contrast, in one embodiment, each facet ofreflective surface 1508 is designed to maintain, as close as possible,the original beam intensities of the incident beams.

In another embodiment, reflective surface 1506 includes a holographicreflective surface with one or more facets for producing differentintensities and guiding each light beam to a proper location. Thisscattered light is again reflected by the series of reflector surfaces1506B present on reflector element 1502 towards a series of reflectorsurfaces 1508B present on reflector element 1504. The holographicreflective surface 1506 scatters the light to bands of differentintensities. For example, a band of light 1510 that is reflected towardsthe bottom most reflector surface 1506B on reflector element 1502 hasmaximum intensity. On the other hand, a band of light 1512 reflectedtowards the top most reflector surface 1506B present on reflectorelement 1502 has minimum intensity. As indicated in FIG. 15, the band oflight 1510, which has maximum intensity is shown by a darker, widerdashed line. The band of light 1512, which has minimum intensity isshown by a lighter, thinner dashed line. The bands of light reflectedtowards the series of reflectors 1508B present on reflector element 1504are again reflected by the series of reflectors 1508B toward aholographic reflective surface 1508. In one embodiment, the holographicreflective surface 1508 is the mirror image of the holographicreflective surface 1506 and converges the different bands of light andreflects it towards fiber optic cable 410R. In contrast to theholographic reflective surface 1506, however, the surface 1508 is notdesigned to change the intensity of the incident light beams. In otherwords, the reflected beams are of the same, or nearly the same,intensity as the incident beams on the holographic reflective surface1508. Holographic reflective surfaces are well-known in the art. In oneembodiment, the holographic reflective surfaces can be an integralcomponent of the respective reflector elements 1502 and 1504, e.g., viaplastic injection molding or laser etching, so as to form the reflectivesurfaces 1506 and 1508. In other embodiments, the holographic reflectivesurfaces can be attached, e.g. via glue or snapped on, to the surfaces1506 and 1508. Alternatively, the holographic reflective surfaces can besandwiched between a bottom surface of the tray casing 204 (FIG. 2) andrespective underside surfaces of the elements 1506 and 1508, or otherdesired location on reflective 1502 and 1504.

When medicament unit 804 is being dispensed out of outlet 210, it cutsacross the bands of light that travel from the series of reflectivesurfaces 1506B to the series of reflective surfaces 1508B. According tothe size of the medicament unit, different number of bands would be cutacross by medicament unit 804 and therefore the intensity of lightreceived by fiber optic cable 410R would depend on the size ofmedicament unit 804.

A sensor in the medicaments dispensing machine 106, connected to port410P and coupled to the scanner 1501, detects medication properties andsends to the proper smart tray 100 the information for the smart traycircuitry to count and update the number of medicament units beingdispensed and/or that have been dispensed. This data also allows thesmart tray 100 to calculate and compare the size of medicament unit 804being dispensed with data stored in its memory to further verify theauthenticity of the medicament units being dispensed. Additionally, infurther embodiments, the sensor is capable of determining if there areany problems with the dispensing of medicaments. For example, if morethan one medicament unit is being dispensed each time or there is a jamat the dispensing outlet of the dispensing tray, the sensor, via scanner1501, can detect these conditions.

Fiber optic cable 412 connects port 412P to display 244. In oneembodiment, all display information, including colors and digitsdisplayed by display 244, are sent by the medicaments dispensing machine106 through port 412P and fiber optic cable 412.

FIG. 16 is an illustration of a main conical disk encoder layout, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention. Conical disk assembly802 carries a marking pattern 1602 on the top surface of conical diskassembly 802. Marking pattern 1602 may be imprinted, put on a label ormay be made by injecting a colored substance into the conical diskassembly 802 material. In one embodiment, markings 1602 are preset ineach section between grooves 808. Cables 406E and 406R are placed suchthat the end surfaces of cables 406E and 406R, away from port 406P, facemarking pattern 1602. Marking pattern 1602 comprises a marking 1602A atone end of the marking pattern 1602 and marking 1602B on the other end.For example, when the sensor connected to port 406P reads marking 1602A,the sensor identifies that the position of conical disk assembly is justafter dispensing of medicament unit 804. When the sensor connected toport 406P reads marking 1602B, the sensor identifies that the positionof conical disk assembly is just before dispensing of a medicament unit804. Furthermore, marking pattern 1602 comprises several markings 1602C.In one embodiment of the invention, markings 1602C are uniformlydistributed such that when conical disk assembly 802 is rotating, thesensor connected to port 406P identifies the speed at which conical diskassembly is rotating. Marking pattern 1602 therefore allows themedicament dispensing machine 106 to determine the motion and positionof conical disk assembly 802, which further assists in determining anyerror or malfunctions during operation of tray 100.

FIGS. 17A, 17B, 17C and 17D provide exemplary layouts of various patientmemory tables and microinstructions in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the invention. FIG. 17A shows exemplary data that may bestored in the wireless communication device 1102 and/or other memorypresent in a dispensing tray 100 for use by a patient. Table 1702includes exemplary information typically provided in a non-encryptedformat. This information includes inventory and tracking information forthe use of a pharmacy or may be used for transportation of tray 100.This information is available even when tray 100 is in a non-dispensingmode and provides automated shipping logistics for tray 100. Thisinformation also allows for automated tracking of tray 100 when tray 100is at a filling stage at a pharmacy or being shipped. Thus, in oneembodiment, this information permits synchronization of commerce betweendistributors, merchants, shipping logistic companies and end users. Forexample, after an end user receives a smart tray 100 and inserts it intoa dispensing machine 106, the inventory and tracking information will besent via an electronic communication network, coupled to the dispensingmachine, to a pharmacy, manufacturer and/or caregiver. In this way, allparties concerned can verify safe arrival of the smart tray 100 to itsintended destination and compliance with prescription refill protocols,etc.

Table 1704 represents exemplary data regarding tray logic functions thatmay be present in the electromagnetic communication device 1102 and/orother memory. Data regarding tray logic functions include informationsuch as intended use of medicament units present in tray 100, theidentity of authorized personnel that may dispense the medicaments inthe tray, etc. Table 1706 illustrates drug interactions information.Table 1708 illustrates information regarding the side effects of thedrug contained in tray 100. Table 1710 illustrates verification data formedicament units stored in tray 100 such as dimensions, color, shape,size and other identification marks present on medicament units 804.This information is used for identifying authenticity of medicamentunits 804 as discussed above. Table 1712 illustrates internet protocol(IP) information required for allowing tray 100 to communicate via theInternet with other network devices. Table 1714 illustrates tray datafunctions such as date on which tray 100 was filled, prescription name,dosage, and other information. Table 1716 illustrates informationregarding vitamins and supplement interactions of the drug present intray 100. Table 1718 illustrates additional information regarding intakeof the drug present in tray 100. For example, this information mayinclude instructions such as the drug present in tray 100 should not betaken with milk. Table 1720 illustrates that the electromagneticcommunication device 1102, for example, stores a three-dimensional(3-D), color picture of medicament unit 804. This allows a morecomprehensive analysis of the entire pill and its dimensions and othercharacteristics. Table 1722 illustrates information regardingside-effect feedback templates. A medical practitioner can update thisinformation. Table 1724 illustrates information regarding the expectedvital signs of a patent when the drug or medicaments in tray 100 areused. Via password protection and/or other security techniques, theinformation illustrated in tables 1704, 1706, 1708, 1710, 1712, 1714,1716, 1718, 1720, 1722, and 1724 can be updated or changed by anauthorized pharmacist or medical practitioner and cannot be changed by auser.

FIGS. 17B, 17C and 17D illustrate exemplary data pertaining to the usersof tray 100 that is present in wireless communication device 1102 and/orother memory residing within the tray 100. In one embodiment,nonvolatile memory within wireless communication device 1102 may storeinformation for multiple users. For example, a tray may be used by apatient A and a patient B. Table 1726 illustrates personal informationfor patient A. Table 1728 illustrates information regarding allergiesfor patient A. Table 1730 illustrates information regarding the medicalcondition of patient A. Table 1732 illustrates personal information forthe authorized medical practitioner who prescribes the medication ortreatment to the patient. The medical practitioner is hereinafterreferred to as the prescriber.

Table 1734 illustrates prescription insurance information for patient A.This information can be directly communicated to the insurance agencyand required insurance claims may be made automatically. Tables 1736,1738, 1740, 1742, and 1744 in FIG. 19C and FIG. 17D illustrate similarinformation for patient B as the information illustrated by tables 1736,1728, 1730, 1732, and 1734 for patient A. Though only two exemplaryusers for tray 100 have been illustrated, several users may use tray 100and wireless communication device 1102 may contain information forseveral users. Table 1746 illustrates the drug store or pharmacyinformation. Table 1748 illustrates payment information such as creditcard information and address for delivery etc. Table 1750 and 1752illustrate contact information in case a patient misses a dosage ofmedication, in case of adverse side effects of a medicine or in case thepatient needs help. This contact information is used in case of anon-emergency situation. This may include contact information forhospitals, ambulance agencies, relatives, friends etc. Though only twotables for alarm contact information have been provided in FIG. 17E,wireless communication device 1102 may store contact information for anynumber of people provided that enough memory resides within wirelesscommunication device 1102.

Tables 1754 and 1756 illustrate emergency contact information. Thisinformation includes contact details for the prescriber, hospitals,ambulance agencies etc., which are required to be contacted in case ofan emergency. Though only two tables for alarm contact information havebeen provided in FIG. 17E, wireless communication device 1102 may storecontact information for several people. Tables 1758 and 1760 illustratebiometric information for the users of tray 100. Biometric informationmay include thumbprints, voice recognition information and retinaidentification information. This information is used to identify therightful user of tray 100. The medicaments dispensing machine 106 maycheck for one or more of these biometric information to identify theuser before dispensing a medicament unit. Wireless communication device1102 may include biometric information for multiple users.

In one embodiment, the information illustrated in tables 1704, 1706,1708, 1710, 1712, 1714, 1716, 1718, 1720, 1722, 1724, 1726, 1728, 1730,1732, 1734, 1736, 1738, 1740, 1742, 1744, 1746, 1748, 1750, 1752, 1754,1756, 1758, and 1760 is in an encrypted format. This information isavailable only when tray 100 is in a dispensing mode, i.e., when tray100 is inserted in the medicaments dispensing machine. Further, thisinformation is revealed only when the authenticity of a user has beenverified.

The information illustrated in tables 1726, 1728, 1730, 1732, 1734,1736, 1738, 1740, 1742, 1744, 1746, 1748, 1750, 1752, 1754, 1756, 1758,and 1760 may be changes or updated by a patient or a care giver. Thepatient or the caregiver may change this information through phone,Internet browser, fax, email, pager or other means.

FIGS. 18A, 18B, and 18C illustrate exemplary layouts of a healthcareprofessional memory table. FIG. 18A shows exemplary data that may bestored in a wireless communication device 1102 and/or other memorypresent in a dispensing tray that is used for professional healthcare bya caregiver. Tray 100 may be used for professional healthcare in placeslike hospitals, clinics, a nursing home, a medical practitioner'soffice, or a pharmacy. Table 1802 includes information present in anon-encrypted format. This information includes inventory and trackinginformation for use by a pharmacy or during transportation of tray 100.This information is available even when tray 100 is in a non-dispensingmode. This information provides automated shipping logistics for tray100 and also provides an automated tracking system for tray 100 whentray 100 is at filling stage, at a pharmacy or being shipped.

Table 1804 represents exemplary data regarding tray login functions thatmay be present in wireless communication device 1102. Data regardingtray logic functions include information such as intended use ofmedicament units present in tray 100. Table 1806 illustrates druginteractions information. Table 1808 illustrates information regardingthe side effects of the drug contained in tray 100. Table 1810illustrates verification data for medicament units stored in tray 100such as dimensions, color, shape, size and other identification markspresent on medicament units 804. This information is used foridentifying authenticity of medicament units 804. Table 1812 illustratesInternet protocol (IP) information required for tray 100 tocommunication via the Internet with other network devices. Table 1814illustrates tray data functions. Tray data functions include informationsuch as date on which tray 100 was filled, prescription name, dosage,and other information. Table 1816 illustrates information regardingvitamins and supplement interactions of the drug present in tray 100.Table 1818 illustrates additional information regarding intake of thedrug present in tray 100. For example, this information may includeinstructions such as the drug present in tray 100 should not be takenwith milk. Table 1820 illustrates that wireless communication device1102 stores a 3-dimensional, color picture of medicament unit 804. Table1822 illustrates information regarding side-effect feedback templates. Amedical practitioner can update this information. The medicalpractitioner can update this information using phone, Internet browser,fax, email, pager or other means. Table 1824 illustrates informationregarding the pharmacology data for the drug or medicaments in tray 100.

In one embodiment, the information illustrated in tables 1804, 1806,1808, 1810, 1812, 1814, 1816, 1818, 1820, 1822, and 1824 can be updatedor changed by an authorized pharmacist or medical practitioner andcannot be changed by a user. Much of the information not pertaining todosages and medication type prescribed can be updated automatically bythe main server to insure security and safety to the end patient. Forexample, FDA recalls, side effect templates, instructions how to take amedication, health insurance policy changes, to name a few, can beautomatically updated with the latest available information If, forexample, an insurance company decides to no longer pay for a particularbrand medication, the end user and/or the caregivers can be promptlynotified.

FIGS. 18A and 18B illustrate exemplary data pertaining to the prescriberand the operators of tray 100 that is present in wireless communicationdevice 1102. Table 1826 and 1828 illustrate the personal information ofthe prescribers for the medicaments in tray 100. Though information foronly two prescribers has been illustrated in FIG. 18B, wirelesscommunication device 1102 may store personal information for a multipleprescribers, depending on its memory capacity and/or the capacity ofother memory residing inside the tray 100. As discussed above, anysuitable form of programmable memory or data storage device may be usedin the present invention. Table 1830 illustrates information regardingacceptance of payment for the medicaments. For example, this informationincludes mode of payment such as credit card, check or cash. Table 1832illustrates information regarding approval of the prescription byinsurance company. Table 1834 illustrates contact information for thedrug store or pharmacy that has provided tray 100. Tables 1836 and 1838illustrate the information regarding the insurance for the medication,including the prescription insurance form. Though only two tablesrepresenting prescription insurance forms and information have beenprovided, wireless communication device 1102 may include information formultiple prescription insurance forms and information. Tables 1840 and1842 illustrate biometric information for the operators of tray 100.Biometric information may include thumbprints, voice recognitioninformation and retina identification information. This information isused to identify the rightful user of tray 100. The medicamentsdispensing machine may check for one or more of these biometricinformation to identify the user before dispensing a medicament unit.Wireless communication device 1102 may include multiple biometricinformation for multiple users.

At each stage of transit and operation of each tray 100, wirelesscommunication device readers (e.g., those comparable to RFID tag and/or“smart card” readers) are provided at desired locations during transit,at pharmacies, at hospitals and within automatic medicament dispensingmachines such that information stored within the memory of the wirelesscommunication devices may be accessed, read and or changed for eachtray. In this way, a secure, intelligent and automated process oftracking and dispensing medicaments is provided by the presentinvention. In one embodiment, the wireless communication device readersare communicatively coupled or networked to other readers and networkdevices (e.g., computers, servers, etc.) such that informationpertaining to many trays at various locations may be tracked, accessedand stored at various locations where a communicatively coupled networkdevice resides.

In a further embodiment, when a tray 100 is inserted into a medicamentdispensing machine 106, all necessary information contained in thewireless communication device 1102 within the tray 100 is automaticallyshared by serial circuitry (not shown) within the dispensing machine106. In other words, the circuitry within the dispensing machine 106 canaccess the memory within the smart tray 100, thereby increasing theamount of memory useable by the dispensing machine 106. Conversely,circuitry within the smart tray 100 can access one or memories withinthe dispensing machine 106 to process and/or store data containedtherein. In alternative or additional embodiments, data may bedownloaded or uploaded between the memories contained in the smart tray106 and the dispensing machine 100 for processing and/or storage. Thedispensing machine 106 thereafter uses this information to monitor andcontrol access to medicaments stored within that tray 100. In thisfashion, a sort of “plug and play” functionality is provided formedicament dispensing trays 100, which requires a minimum amount ofmanual operations by a human.

FIG. 19 is the block diagram of a custom integrated circuit (IC)including known RFID technologies and micro circuitry. The unit iscomprised of four sections: 1900, 1905, 1910 and 1915. Section 1900provides contacts to an external antenna (e.g., an inductor coil) whichmay be located on an external printed circuit board on which the customIC is placed.

Section 1905 is the electromagnetic transmitter and receiver decodingsection for transmitting, receiving, encoding and decodingdata/information. In one embodiment, section 1905 operates in accordancewith standard RFID tag communication protocols, which use a standard13.68 megahertz frequency to transmit and receive data. As is known tothose of ordinary skill in the art, current RFID communication protocolsimplement “anti-collision” routines and techniques which permit multipleRFID tags within a given proximity to operate simultaneously andcommunicate with external devices without interfering with each other.As is shown in section 1905, an Anti-Collision Command Controller isprovided to provide anti-collision functionality to the smart tray.Because multiple smart trays can simultaneously (or near-simultaneouslyin an interleaving fashion) communicate with an external device (e.g., aRFID tag reader), inventory control and/or tracking of multiple smarttrays during transit can be simplified. Section 1905 can comprise wellknown transceiver circuitry and/or components for transmitting andreceiving data. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 19, section 1905includes standard components such as a time-slot generator, time slotcounter, a data encoder, a CRC/Parity Generator and Checker, ademodulator, a PPM Decoder, a Command Decoder, a Fast Mode Oscillator, amodulator, clock generator, power-on-reset circuit, a detuning circuitand a voltage regulator. All of these components are standard componentsthat are well known in the art and, therefore, a discussion of theiroperation and functionality is omitted herein. It is understood,however, that the circuit architectures and components illustrated anddescribed herein are exemplary only and that other circuitarchitectures, devices and components may be designed and implemented bythose of ordinary skill in the art to perform the functions describedherein, without undue experimentation.

Section 1910 comprises a memory array and logic section, which includesa reprogrammable electron valve array for storing data, programs andencryption data, status registers, and a programmable logic array andinterface for executing desired logical functions or operations. Suchdevices and components are also well known in the art.

Section 1915 is the Input/Output section which provides an interface andcontact terminals or pins for communicatively coupling a smart tray to adispensing machine or other desired external device (e.g., an inventorytracking or medicament loading machine). The Input/Output section 1915includes pins 1920 which provides contacts for an optional externalbattery (not shown). Standard RFID tags normally operate without anybattery power but instead receive their power from an externalelectromagnetic field provided by an external reader device. This maypose a problem, however, if RFID tags are used in hospitals, militarybases, etc., where other equipment that is sensitive to electromagneticradiation may be located. In such environments, it may be desirable tolimit the level of electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, having anoptional battery power supply allows the operation of RFID tags orcircuits in these locations without using electromagnetic fields topower the RFID tags/circuits.

A direct communication path can be established between a smart tray anda dispensing machine via serial input and output pins, 1955 and 1950,respectively. In one embodiment, the serial input and/or output pin 1955and 1950, respectively, can provide power as well as data to the smarttray 100. Pins 1930, 1935, 1940 and 1945 are provided for futureexpansion or different functions of the smart tray circuitry. Pin 1960provides an output contact directly to an LED which can be used toprovide visual alerts to persons who are adding and removing trays sothey have additional information rather than just a written label on thesmart tray to make sure that they are dealing with the correct tray. Forexample, circuitry within the tray can send a signal to the LED so thatit provides a red light, for example, if it is in inventory mode waitingto placed into a dispensing machine 106. In this way, a personretrieving a tray to be inserted into a dispensing machine is informedof which tray is the correct tray.

FIGS. 20A-20E illustrate flowcharts of various functions implemented bythe programmable logic array of section 1910 (FIG. 19), in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the invention. It is understood,however, that other known processing circuitry (e.g., a microprocessor,ASIC, etc.) may perform these functions via software and/or firmwareresiding within an internal memory of the smart tray. The flowcharts aredivided into one main program or routine and four subroutines, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention. FIG. 20A (starting at20000A) is the main program. FIGS. 20B and 20C (starting at 20245B)illustrate an In_Dispenser Subroutine when the smart tray is insertedinto a dispensing machine. FIG. 20D (starting at 20095D) is a Re_OrderSubroutine when a smart tray is empty or near-empty, or before it isdiscarded. FIG. 20E (starting at 20190E) is a Discarded_Stray Subroutinewhen a tray is either empty or removed from the dispensing equipment.

Referring to FIG. 20A, at step 20000A, electronic circuitry within thesmart tray is powered up. In preferred embodiments, this occurs either:(a) when the Tray is placed into the dispenser and is activated bysignals and/or power supplied by the dispenser, or (b) when the Tray isplaced within proximity of an external device that provides anelectromagnetic field to energize circuitry (e.g., RFID circuitry)within the Tray, or (c) by using a battery to power the internalcircuitry of the tray.

The main program starts at step 20005A which first determines whetherthe tray is in “disk drive mode.” In one embodiment, it makes thisdetermination at step 20005A by checking whether a pin on the IC chipwithin the smart tray is set to low or a designated bit in a statusregister is set. If the designated pin or register bit is set, at step20010A, the smart tray is placed in disk drive mode. The disk drive modeis the mode wherein the smart tray is ready to provide requested datastored in its memory array and store data received from an externaldevice (e.g., a medicament loading machine) in its memory array. At step20015A, the program periodically checks the status of the designated pinor bit and determines whether the tray should still be in disk drivemode. If the status of the pin or bit has changed, the process returnsto step 20005A.

If at step 20005A, it is determined that the designated pin or registerbit is not set to low (or alternatively to high), then at step 20020A,the smart tray determines whether it is in a loading mode. In oneembodiment, this determination is made by checking whether the voltageon the designated pin is set to high or the designated bit in the statusregister is set to high. Alternatively, a different pin and/or registerbit from that discussed above can be used to make this determination. Ifit is determined that the smart tray has been inserted into medicamentloading equipment, the tray is then ready to receive medicaments fromthe loading equipment. While the tray is being filled with medicaments(e.g., pills), at step 20025A, the tray is set to disk drive mode sothat the loading equipment can communicate with the tray. In oneembodiment, the disk drive mode places the tray into a direct memoryaccess (DMA) mode for faster reading and writing of information from andto memory within the tray. Various DMA schemes and protocols are knownin the art. For example, information such as quantity and type of pill,designated patient information, transit information, may be communicatedbetween the loading equipment and the tray. The loading equipmentreceives all necessary and/or desired information from memory within thetray. Conversely, the tray receives and stores all pertinent informationfrom the loading equipment. Thus, by utilizing DMA protocols, the traycan facilitate high speed loading of medicaments into the smart tray 100and reduce medicament filling time and costs. At step 20030A, the traydetermines if it is still coupled to the loading equipment. If not,loading of medicaments has been completed and the process returns tostep 20005A.

At step 20035A, the smart detects if it has been loaded into medicamentdispensing equipment (e.g., a medicament dispensing machine 106 (FIG.1A)). If the tray is in a dispensing machine, at step 20040A, theprogram calls an In_Dispenser Subroutine, described in further detailbelow with reference to FIG. 19D. After the In_Dispenser Subroutine hasbeen completed, the main program returns to step 19005A.

At step 20045A, the smart tray determines if it is in a transit orshipping mode. Again, appropriate pins and/or status register bits maybe set to control and determine whether the tray is in this mode. If itis in the shipping mode (“yes”), the program proceeds to step 20050A,wherein non-encrypted data is transmitted and received between the smarttray and shipping/tracking equipment (e.g., a RFID reader device) (notshown). The nonencrypted data can include data such as manufacturer, lotnumber, number and type of pills, etc. that is not confidential healthdata. Each tray, among multiple trays in a single RF communication zone,can be detected using the standard of 13.68 megahertz in that zone. Thisallows various members of the supply and distribution chain includingthe manufacturer, carrier, distributor and retailer to access thatinformation from a RFID tag or circuitry within each tray and tosynchronize and speed up the movement and tracking of each tray from themanufacturer to the end-user. At step 20055A, the program determines ifall required or requested data has been transmitted to theshipping/tracking equipment. If so, the process returns to step 20005A.

At step 20060A, the smart tray determines if it is in an inventory mode.In one embodiment, a status register bit is set by a signal from aexternal device (e.g., a RFID tag reader) to place the tray in inventorymode. Inventory mode accommodates situations where the pharmacist ordistributor knows that there will be a continuing demand for trayscontaining a standard number of a specified pill. For example, manydiabetics need to take two pills each day so there will be a continuingdemand for trays loaded with 60 pills to provide a 30 day supply. Thosetrays would be prepackaged and maintained in inventory at the pharmacistor other distributor. If the tray is in Inventory Mode and activated bya standard RFID reader device (e.g., via an electromagnetic fieldemitted by the reader), at step 20065A, a strobe light or LED attachedto an external surface of the tray is turned on for a predeterminedlength of time in order to facilitate identification of the tray andensure that a person looking for the inventory retrieves the rightinventory. In one embodiment, the “time out” of the strobe LED circuitryis adjustable and is set to provide a 25 second lead time, for example.At step 20070A, the program determines if the “time out” period hasexpired and/or whether all desired inventory data has been transmittedto a reader device. If yes, the program returns to step 20005A.

At step 20085A, the program stores all error codes corresponding toerrors that occurred during any of the operations described above. Forexample, if information transmitted or received by the smart tray iscorrupted, or the tray is not functioning properly, or was not loadedproperly into a dispensing machine, or the color of the pill does notmatch an indicated color, or any other predefined condition occurs, suchcondition can be designated to generate a pre-specified error code. Ifan error was detected, then at step 20085A the program identifies aproper error code and stores the error code in memory within the tray.The program then returns to step 20005A.

In one embodiment, as described below with reference to FIG. 20B, anyerror codes stored within memory of the tray are handled at the time thetray is inserted into a dispensing machine. However, it is understoodthat in other embodiments, such errors may be addressed when the tray isin a loading machine or communicatively coupled to an external device(e.g., an RFID reader).

FIG. 20B illustrates a flow chart for the In_Dispenser Subroutine calledat step 20040A (FIG. 20A), in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention. At step 20250B, it is determined whether the tray waspreviously inserted and removed from the dispenser. It is important todetermine if the tray has been aborted or recalled due to cancellationof medication, malfunctioning of the tray, or any other reason. If so,the tray should not be reinstalled into the dispenser without properauthorization and precautions.

If the tray had not previously been in a dispenser machine (“no” at20250B), then at step 20255B, the subroutine determines if the tray hasbeen designated for the dispenser into which it is being inserted. Ifthe tray belongs to the particular dispenser into which it is beinginserted, (“yes” at 20255B), the subroutine jumps to point St, which isthe beginning of the subroutine illustrated in FIG. 20C.

If the tray does not belong to the dispenser into which it is beinginserted, (“no” at 20255B), at step 20260B, an email and/or page is sentto an appropriate pharmacist or caregiver to alert that person. Asdescribed above, in one embodiment, the dispenser is connected to a mainserver via a computer network. Via this connection and appropriatesoftware residing within the dispenser and main server, an e-mail and/orpage can be sent to a designated pharmacist and/or caregiver to alertthem that the tray is being inserted into the wrong dispenser. In oneembodiment, the dispenser or tray itself can display a warning, eithervia it's optic display on the tray or a display screen coupled to thedispenser, for example, to inform the person inserting the tray into thedispenser that the tray is not authorized for this particular dispenser.If the tray is still inserted after this warning, an email and/or pagecan then sent to appropriate personnel.

At step 20265B, an error code number corresponding to the tray beinginserted into an unauthorized dispenser is determined and a warning orinstruction is provided on a display of the dispenser to not insert orremove the smart tray from the dispenser. At step 20270B, dataconcerning this error is uploaded to the main server coupled to thedispenser via a computer network or electromagnetic communicationnetwork. At step 20275B, the tray is disabled so that no medication canbe dispensed or information transferred from the tray. In oneembodiment, the error code stored in the tray will prevent the dispenserfrom engaging the tray and/or communicating with the tray. This is oneof the many safety features of the tray and overall system.

Going back to step 20250B, if the tray had previously been in thedispenser (“yes” at 20250B), the subroutine proceeds to step 20285B todetermine if there was a previous error associated with the tray. Ifthere was an error (“yes” at 20285B), at step 20290B, all theinformation in the tray is shared with the dispenser. If there was noerror (“no” at 20285B), there is no need to share that information fromthe tray to the dispenser because it is already there.

At step 20295B, the process determines if the data in the tray is olderthan 6 hours, for example. It is desirable to ensure that all data iscurrent and that there has not been some recent change such as a changein the prescription dosage, discontinuation of the medication due toside effects, interaction with other medications, FDA recall, etc. Tomake sure that the information is always current, in one embodiment,information is downloaded every 6 hours from the main server. This timeperiod is adjustable depending on the desired frequency of checking forupdates.

If the data is older than 6 hours (“yes” at 20295B), at step 20300B, acommunication link is established between the dispenser and the mainserver in order to download all microinstructions and other desired datato be inserted in the tray. If the data is not older than 6 hours (“no”at 20295B), then the process proceeds to step 20305B, which determinesif the dispenser is downloading data to the tray. If the dispenser isdownloading data (“yes” at 20305B), then as soon as that downloading iscompleted, at step 20310B, a service dispenser request is initiatedwherein the dispenser verifies that all the sensors and the engagementand sorting mechanisms of the smart tray are functioning properly. Afterthat check or if the dispenser was not downloading any data (“no” at20305B), the process proceeds to step 20315B which performs amaintenance check on the smart tray. This maintenance check can be morecomprehensive than the service request described above and can checksuch things as how old the tray is, how old the pills are, whether therehave been any status change regarding the pills (e.g., a recall) or thepatients designated to receive the medication, etc. Thus, the dispenseris capable of performing a totally automatic maintenance verification ofthe smart tray.

At step 20320B, the program determines if there is a smart traymaintenance problem. If the answer is “yes” and there is a maintenanceproblem, an error code corresponding to the problem is identified andstored. This error code is then uploaded to the main server. Thisenables the automatic and immediate scheduling of service calls withoutintervention of any person because the system can automatically generatean alert describing the problem, the location of the equipment and thecontact persons at the end user that need to be notified.

Next, at step 20330B, the program determines if the smart tray is indispensing mode. If it is in dispensing mode (“yes” at 20330B), at step20335B, all instructions including any voice and text data to tell theend user how to take the medication is shared from the tray to thedispenser. In one embodiment, also shared are side effect voicetemplates to inform the patient of side effects. Alternatively, text andgraphics may be provided to a display coupled to the dispenser to informthe patient of side effects or other desired information. In oneembodiment, for hearing impaired patients, the dispenser also includes avibrator and voice recognition software to convert voice data into textthat may be displayed on the display screen. For example, blind or deafpatients may be able to receive signals from the dispenser based onpredefined and distinct vibration patterns. Such vibrators are wellknown in the art and are used in cell phones, for example.

At step 20340B, the tray also shares with the dispenser quality controldata such as drug interaction data to verify no adverse reactions withdrugs contained in other smart trays in the dispenser. This interactiondata may further include information pertaining to interaction withcertain foods, vitamins or herbal remedies that would be detrimental tothe patient. At step 20345B, the smart tray receives from the dispenserany inventory updates and side effect data with a date stamp. Thus,there is a two-way communication protocol established between the smarttray and the dispensing equipment such that both the tray and thedispensing equipment have the most up-to-date information.

At step 20350B, the program asks if the smart tray is being returned forcredit. If yes, at step 20355B, the main server is updated with theinformation that there is a request for credit for the tray and alloperations of the tray are stopped and/or the tray is disabled. So thetray can be removed and the inventory information in the tray will beaccurate since it cannot dispense anymore. This provides accurateinventory control.

At step 20360B, the program determines if reordering has been completedfor medicaments contained in the tray. If the answer is “yes”, thesubroutine ends at step 20375B and returns to the main program (FIG.20A). If the answer is “no,” at step 20365B, the subroutine determinesif the inventory in the tray is equal or below a specified reorderlevel. That reorder level will depend upon the number of pills to betaken each day, the expected lead time to get the new tray delivered tothe end user and some additional time to provide a margin of safety.

If the inventory level in the tray is greater than the specified reorderlevel (“no” at 20365B), the subroutine ends at step 20375B and returnsto the main program (FIG. 20A). If the inventory level in the tray isless than or equal to the specified reorder level (“yes” at 20365B), atstep 20370B, the Re_Order Subroutine is called. As described in furtherdetail below with respect to FIG. 20D, this will cause dispenser to senda re-order request to the main server. After completing the Re_OrderSubroutine, the In_Dispenser subroutine ends at step 20375B.

FIG. 20C is a continuation of the In_Dispenser Subroutine that begins inFIG. 20B. At step 20255B (FIG. 2B) if the tray is determined to belongto the dispenser, then there is a call to subroutine S1, which dealswith the situation when the tray was not previously in a dispenser andis now placed into a proper dispenser. As shown in FIG. 20C, thesubroutine S1 begins at step 20380C, which determines if the tray waspreviously discarded. If it was previously discarded (“yes” at 20380C),at step 20385C, an appropriate error code is set and an error message isdisplayed to an appropriate end user. At step 20390C, data pertaining tothe error is uploaded to the dispenser and ultimately to the mainserver. At step 20395C, all further operations pertaining to thediscarded tray are stopped and/or the tray is disabled.

If the tray was not previously discarded (“no” at 20380C), at step20400C, it is determined whether the tray is being removed from thedispenser. If yes, then at step 20397C, the Discarded_Stray Subroutineis called. This subroutine is described in further detail below withreference to FIG. 20E. If the tray is not being removed from thedispenser (“no” at 20396C), than step 20400C determines if all necessarydata and microinstructions were loaded into the smart tray memory whenit was loaded with the medications. If the data and microinstructionswere not loaded (“no” at 20400C), at step 20405B, a communications linkis established between the dispenser and the main server and all thenecessary data and microinstructions are downloaded from the main serverto the dispenser and to the tray. The main server knows which data andmicroinstructions to send by a unique identification code associatedwith the smart tray. This unique identification code may be stored in amemory within the smart tray or provided on an external surface or labelaffixed to the smart tray in a human and/or machine readable format.Thus, even if desired data is not stored in the smart tray, an externaldevice (e.g., a dispensing machine, a loading machine, or reader at apharmacy) may be able to retrieve the data from a server computer via anelectronic communication network based on the unique identificationcode. Such data can include, for example, all medical data pertaining tothe medicaments and patients, quality control data, microinstructionsfor dispensing equipment etc.

At step 20410C, the program determines if the data is older than 6hours. This step and the following step 20415C function the same assteps 20295B and 20300B, respectively, described above with respect toFIG. 20B.

At step 20420C, the process determines whether the dispenser is acommercial dispenser or not. A commercial dispenser would be a dispenserused in a physician's office, pharmacy or other location where thedispenser is dispensing medications into a bottle that will be given tothe patient. A noncommercial dispenser is one that will be used directlyby the patient or caregiver to manage the medication regimen of thepatient. If this dispenser is a commercial dispenser (“yes” at 20420C),then the subroutine proceeds directly to step 20445C (discussed below).

If this dispenser is not a commercial dispenser (“no” at 20420C), thenat step 20425C, the subroutine determines if there is any druginteraction with medications in the other smart trays in the dispenser.If there are no drug interactions with the medications in the othersmart trays in the dispenser (“no” at 20425C), the process proceedsdirectly to step 20445C (discussed below).

If there is a drug interaction with a medication in another smart trayin the dispenser (“yes” at 20425C), at step 20430C, a correspondingerror code is generated and stored in the smart tray. Additionally, theerror code information is sent to the dispenser for display on thedisplay of the dispenser for the end user to see. At step 20435C, theerror code information is also uploaded to the main server so thatproper action can be taken by an employee or administrator of theoverall system. Next, at step 20440C, all operations pertaining to thetray are halted and/or the tray is disabled such that it can no longerdispense medicaments. At this point, the dispenser can wait forinstructions from the main server or a designated doctor, caregiver orother official. For example, an authorized physician at the dispensersite can enter an appropriate authorization code and thereafter enablethe tray and/or dispenser to dispense medicines and remove or update theerror code information. It is appreciated that many different scenarios,criteria and methods of disabling and enabling the tray and/or dispenserare possible and could be readily implemented by those of ordinary skillin the art, without undue experimentation.

At step 20445C, the subroutine decrypts all information and shares allnecessary data and microinstructions from the tray to the dispenser. Itis appreciated that the encryption and decryption of informationperformed by the present invention allows for compliance with HealthInsurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) privacy laws. Thus,the dispenser is automatically provided with all necessary informationconcerning the operation and quality control of the tray.

At step 20450C, the dispenser communicates with the main server andtells it that the smart tray has been received and has been installedand is functioning properly.

At step 20455C, the subroutine sets all proper variables in the smarttray for error flags, alarms, and other instruction parameters anddirection of process flow parameters depending on particular error codesas may be designed by a programmer for a particular application. Forexample, an FDA recall may trigger a certain error code resulting in apre-specified process flow.

At step 20460C, subroutine S1 ends and returns to the main program (FIG.20A) at step 20005A.

FIG. 20D illustrates a flow chart for the Reorder Subroutine called atstep 20370B (FIG. 20B), in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention. If the inventory in the Tray goes below a predeterminednumber of pills, the tray or dispenser will automatically send a reorderrequest to the main server. Of course, the main server is programmed toalert an appropriate person (e.g., send an automatic email, provide amessage on a display, etc.) so as to ultimately communicate to adesignated pharmacist or medicine distributor that a new tray is beingrequested. The main server can also facilitate making arrangements forpayment.

Because there can be errors in communications with the main server, atstep 20100D, a permitted number of communication retries is set andinitiated (as necessary) to accommodate such possible communicationerrors. In one embodiment, up to 8 retries are performed before thecommunication is terminated and it is reported as an alarm back to thedispensing machine. At step 20105D, the subroutine determines if thecommunication try was the last one. If it was the last try and itfailed, at step 20110D, an error code is set and stored in the tray anda corresponding message is displayed on the dispenser's display. Thesubroutine then ends at step 20115D and returns to the main program(FIG. 20A).

In addition to the number of tries, a “time out” timer is also set tocontrol the length of time required for each try to establish aconnection with the main server. This “time out” timer is set/reset atstep 20120D. If a connection with the main server is established, atstep 20125D, the tray or dispenser reorders the appropriateprescription(s). At step 20130D, it is determined if the order wasacknowledged by the pharmacy or distributor with which the order wasplaced at 20125B. If it was acknowledged (“yes”), at step 20135D, themain server assists in processing the order, making payments and sendingnotification of the processed order and payment. At step 20137D, amemory flag for the tray is cleared and an error flag is reset to 0,indicating that all pending re-orders have been taken care of. At thispoint, the re-order subroutine returns to the main program (FIG. 20A).

If at step 20130D, the order was not acknowledged, then at step 20140D,it is determined whether payment information is needed. For example, ifcredit card information from the payer is not valid (e.g. the card hasexpired, been reported stolen, over its credit limit, incorrectinformation, etc.), this would prevent the reorder transaction frombeing completed. If additional information is needed, at step 20145D,the subroutine sends an e-mail and/or page to the patient or itsdesignated caregivers to inform them that additional payment informationis needed. Next, at step 20150D, appropriate smart tray error reportingcodes are stored in the tray sent to the display of the dispenser forreporting the need for additional payment information. At step 20153D,it is determined whether the prescription needs to be renewed. If theprescription does not need to be renewed, the subroutine terminates andreturns to the main program at step 20005A (FIG. 20A).

Alternatively, if at step 20140D, it is determined that paymentinformation is not needed, at step 20160D, it is determined whether theprescription needs to be renewed. For example, if the prescription wasfor four months and one refill, the current reorder might exceed thatlimit and the patient would need to get a renewed prescription from thedoctor. If at either step 20153D or 20160D it is determined that theprescription needs to be renewed, the process proceeds to step 20165Dwhere an e-mail and/or a page is sent to a designated doctor and/or allthe designated caregivers to the patient to inform them that theprescription needs to be renewed. Next, at step 20170D, appropriateerror reporting codes are set and stored in the smart tray and a messagedescribing the need for prescription renewal is displayed on thedispenser's display. Thereafter, at step 20175D, the subroutine returnsto the main program (FIG. 20A).

At step 20180D, the subroutine determines if the re-order process has“timed out.” In order to avoid unreasonable delays, if a predeterminedtime period has elapsed, the re-order attempt is determined to havefailed and, at step 20185D, the number of retries is decremented by 1and the process returns to step 20105D. If the time out period has notexpired, the subroutine returns to step 20130D and continues to wait foran order acknowledgement.

FIG. 20E illustrates a flow chart for the Discarded_Stray Subroutinewhich is called at step 20397C (FIG. 20C) before the tray is removedfrom the Dispenser. There may be several reasons why the tray is beingremoved, with different actions to be done to the information stored inthe tray depending on the reason for the tray's removal. For example,the tray might be removed because it is empty, in which case the patientinformation contained in the tray's RFID tag will need to be deleted. Orthe tray might be removed to be placed back in inventory or returned fora credit. This Subroutine will make those determinations and take theappropriate action.

The Discarded_Stray Subroutine starts at 20190E and immediately proceedsto step 20192E, where it determines if the smart tray is being removedonly temporarily. For example, a smart tray might be temporarily removedto replace it with a different smart tray containing differentmedications prescribed for a limited duration and then later theoriginal smart tray is reinserted back into the dispenser. On the otherhand, a smart tray might be removed permanently because it is empty orthe patient's medication regimen has been permanently altered.Appropriate codes received from the main server, or entered by anauthorized physician or caregiver can be utilized to determine if theremoval of the tray is only temporary, or the dosage of the medicationis changed or should be completely aborted, or whether the tray shouldbe discarded or returned for credit.

If the smart tray is being removed for a temporary reason (“Yes” at20192E), then the function at 20194E will set the error number in theSmart Tray. The subroutine then “jumps” to a point designated by “E100”where at step 20214E, information pertaining to the temporary removal ofthe original smart tray and all required data and information pertainingto the replacement tray (if any) is uploaded to the main server anddispenser (where it can be displayed on the dispenser's display screenfor the user to view). At step 20216E the subroutine stops all furtheroperations with respect to the original smart tray. The subroutine thenreturns to the main program.

If the smart tray is not being removed for a temporary reason (“No” at20192E), the subroutine proceeds to step 20198E where it determines ifthe smart tray is being returned for credit. That would occur in severalcircumstances such as an FDA recall or where a patient died or his orher medication regimen changed (e.g. patient was experiencing sideeffects or got a different prescription that caused an olderprescription to be terminated) or the patient had a smart traycontaining medications that were no longer required. Because the smarttrays are hermetically sealed and an accurate inventory of the pills inthe smart tray is maintained, along with information such as the lotnumber, expiration date, etc. It might be possible to return that smarttray with those unused pills for credit.

If the smart tray is being returned for credit (“Yes” at 20198E), thenthe function at step 20200E will set the error number in the smart tray.The program then proceeds to E100 where at step 20214E informationconcerning the return of the tray for credit is uploaded to the serverand dispenser (where it can be displayed on the dispenser's displayscreen for the user to view. At step 20216E all further operationpertaining to that smart tray are stopped. The smart tray can then beremoved and the inventory information in the smart tray will be accuratesince it cannot dispense any more pills, thereby providing exactinventory control.

If the smart tray is not being returned for credit (“No” at 20198E), thesubroutine proceeds to step 20204E to determine if the smart tray isbeing removed from operation. That could result from the same factorsdiscussed above with regard to 20198E (e.g. FDA recall, patient death ormedication regimen change) where the smart tray is to be removed withoutbeing be returned for credit. If the smart tray is being aborted (“Yes”at 20204E), then the function at step 20208E will set the error numberin the Smart Tray. It will then proceed to point E100 in the flow chartwhere at step 20214E corresponding information is uploaded to the serverand dispenser (where it can be displayed on the dispenser's displayscreen for the user to view. At step 20216E, the subroutine will thenstop further operations pertaining to that smart tray.

If the smart tray is not being aborted (“No” at 20204E), then we proceedto point E50 in the flow chart. Point E50 starts at step 20218E todetermine if a reorder request was sent for a new smart tray. It willverify if a previous reorder of the medication has been sent out beforeremoving that smart tray from the dispensing equipment. If the reorderhad not been sent (“No” at 20218E), it will go to 20226E which calls theRe_Order Subroutine, as described above with respect to FIG. 20D, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention. If the reorder was sentout (“Yes” at 20218E), at step 20222E, the subroutine determines if theinformation stored in the memory in the smart tray was previouslycleared. If the information had been cleared (“Yes” at 20222E), at step20224E, the subroutine terminates and returns to the program that calledit. But if the information had not been cleared (“No” at 20222E), itgoes to step 20226E which calls the Re_Order Subroutine described abovewith respect to FIG. 20D.

After the Re_Order Subroutine is completed, at step 20228E, thesubroutine reads the memory of the smart tray and determines if therewas an error during the reordering process (as would be indicated by anerror code stored in the smart tray memory). If it is determined therewas no error (“No” at 20228E), then the subroutine proceeds directly tostep 20232E. If there was an error (“Yes” at 20228E), at step 20230E,the subroutine calls the In_Dispenser Subroutine described above withrespect to FIGS. 20B and 20C. During the In_Dispenser Subroutine, thoseerrors will be displayed on the dispenser display and uploaded to themain server. After the In_Dispenser Subroutine is completed, theDiscarded_Stray Subroutine will proceed to step 20232E.

At 20232E it determines if there was an “error” during one of theprevious subroutines. If there is no error (“No” at 20232E) then thesubroutine proceeds to step 20234E and returns to the calling program orsubroutine. If there was an error (“Yes” at 20232E) this indicates thatthe smart tray is to be removed to be discarded (i.e., thrown away inthe garbage) rather than being put back in inventory and the subroutineproceeds directly to step 20236E. At that point, all variablesindicating status of the tray (i.e., discarded) and all personalinformation is erased to protect the privacy of the end user of thesmart tray. This is done to ensure that, even if the smart tray has beendiscarded, no other person can invade the personal data of the patientor the end user. Thus, in one embodiment, the smart tray is designed tocomply with the HIPAA privacy standard. At step 20240E, the subroutineends and returns to the calling program or subroutine.

As described above, various exemplary functions of the smart tray inconjunction with a dispenser machine and a main server, communicativelycoupled to the dispenser, have been described. It is understood by thoseskilled in the art that these various functions can be implemented viasoftware, firmware and/or hardware residing in the tray, dispensingmachine and main server to perform and coordinate the functionality andcommunication protocols described above. Such software, firmware and/orhardware, and various modifications thereof, can be designed andimplemented by those of ordinary skill in the art without undueexperimentation.

FIG. 21 illustrates a perspective view of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention. This embodiment of the invention is used to dispenseuniform sized bottles 2104 filled in tray 100. Conical disk assembly 802is modified to accommodate bottles 2104 in grooves 808 rather thanindividual medicament units (e.g., pills or tablets). In thisembodiment, the height of tray 100 is increased (e.g., to three and ahalf inches) in order to accommodate bottles 2104. Such modifications tothe conical disk assembly 802 and tray 100 can easily be made by thoseof ordinary skill in the art, without undue experimentation, so as tocomport within the teachings of the present invention.

Thus, as illustrated by the exemplary embodiments described above, thesmart dispensing trays of the invention, and associated methods andsystems, have several advantages over existing automated medicamentsdispensing systems. The smart dispensing tray provides an accurate, lowcost, compact and high storage capacity medicaments dispensingmechanism. The tray has a precise central adjustment mechanism whichallows for automated filling at high speed. Further the invention allowsremote and automatic detection of counterfeit medication. The trayenclosure has a hermetically sealing mechanism that permits the returnof unused medications to their distributors for a refund. The tray isfurther capable of automatically providing medical information data foruse during filling, transport, and dispensing of medicaments.Additionally, other desired information about the medicaments, intendedpatients, authorized caregivers, etc. may also be provided by the tray.The tray can also provide information regarding the side effects of oneor more medications. This information can be updated by feedbackreceived from patients and caregivers. In some embodiments, thisinformation is automatically downloaded to processing devices (e.g.,RFID tag readers and/or computer memory) for use by pharmacist,hospital, patient, caregiver, shipper, etc. Further the tray provides ameans for communicating over a computer network and hence may beoperated and monitored via a remote network computer.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been describedabove, it should be understood that they have been presented by way ofexample only, and not of limitation. Likewise, the various diagrams maydepict an example architectural or other configuration for theinvention, which is done to aid in understanding the features andfunctionality that can be included in the invention. The invention isnot restricted to the illustrated example architectures orconfigurations, but can be implemented using a variety of alternativearchitectures and configurations. Additionally, although the inventionis described above in terms of various exemplary embodiments andimplementations, it should be understood that the various features andfunctionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments arenot limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment withwhich they are described, but instead can be applied, alone or in somecombination, to one or more of the other embodiments of the invention,whether or not such embodiments are described and whether or not suchfeatures are presented as being a part of a described embodiment. Thusthe breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited byany of the above-described exemplary embodiments.

Terms and phrases used in this document, and variations thereof, unlessotherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposedto limiting. As examples of the foregoing: the term “including” shouldbe read as mean “including, without limitation” or the like; the term“example” is used to provide exemplary instances of the item indiscussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; and adjectivessuch as “conventional,” “traditional,” “normal,” “standard,” “known” andterms of similar meaning should not be construed as limiting the itemdescribed to a given time period or to an item available as of a giventime, but instead should be read to encompass conventional, traditional,normal, or standard technologies that may be available or known now orat any time in the future. Likewise, a group of items linked with theconjunction “and” should not be read as requiring that each and everyone of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be readas “and/or” unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, a group ofitems linked with the conjunction “or” should not be read as requiringmutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should also be read as“and/or” unless expressly stated otherwise. Furthermore, although items,elements or components of the invention may be described or claimed inthe singular, the plural is contemplated to be within the scope thereofunless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. The presence ofbroadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but notlimited to” or other like phrases in some instances shall not be read tomean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances wheresuch broadening phrases may be absent. The use of the term “module” doesnot imply that the components or functionality described or claimed aspart of the module are all configured in a common package. Indeed, anyor all of the various components of a module, whether control logic orother components, can be combined in a single package or separatelymaintained and can further be distributed across multiple locations.

1. An apparatus comprising: a housing containing a storage moduleadapted to store a medicament; a memory module disposed within thehousing and adapted to store a first set of data indicative of at leastone physical characteristic of the medicament, wherein the at least onephysical characteristic of the medicament comprises the chemicalcomposition of the medicament; a scanning module disposed within thehousing, wherein the scanning module is adapted to scan the medicamentand generate a second set of data indicative of at least one physicalcharacteristic of the medicament; a comparison module disposed withinthe housing and adapted to generate a comparison of the first set ofdata and the second set of data; and an authentication module disposedwithin the housing and adapted to authenticate the medicament based atleast in part upon the comparison.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe at least one physical characteristic of the medicament comprises thecolor of the medicament.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the atleast one physical characteristic of the medicament comprises the sizeof the medicament.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least onephysical characteristic of the medicament comprises the shape of themedicament.
 5. A medicament container adapted to authenticatemedicaments, the medicament container comprising: a structure forhousing the medicaments; a memory device disposed within the structureand adapted to store data containing one or more characteristics ofauthentic medicaments; logic disposed within the structure and adaptedto generate a comparison of one or more characteristics of themedicaments housed within the structure and the one or morecharacteristics of authentic medicaments contained within the data,wherein results of the comparison are adapted to indicate whether themedicaments housed within the structure are authentic; and a connectoradapted to interface with a dispensing apparatus, wherein the connectorcomprises an alignment-lock mechanism.
 6. The medicament container ofclaim 5, wherein the logic is adapted to transmit the results to aremote module, and wherein the remote module is adapted to permitdispensation of the medicaments housed within the structure if theresults indicate that the medicaments are authentic.
 7. The medicamentcontainer of claim 5, wherein the alignment-lock mechanism comprises aball pin adapted to guide the medicament container into a slot withinthe dispensing apparatus.
 8. An apparatus comprising: a casingcomprising a compartment for at least one medicinal entity; a memoryunit disposed within the casing and adapted to store data indicative ofa physical characteristic a medicinal entity; a scanner disposed withinthe casing and adapted to generate a scanned image of the at least onemedicinal entity; an analysis module disposed within the casing andadapted to generate data indicative of a physical characteristic of theat least one medicinal entity based at least in part upon the scannedimage; a comparison module disposed within the casing and adapted todetermine whether the at least one medicinal entity is counterfeit bycomparing the physical characteristic contained within the datagenerated by the analysis module with the physical characteristiccontained within the data stored within the memory unit; and adispensing mechanism adapted to dispense the at least one medicinalentity, wherein the dispensing mechanism comprises a rotatable mechanismadapted to be engaged by an external drive gear.
 9. The apparatus ofclaim 8 further comprising an opening for the external drive gear,wherein access to the opening is controlled by a spring-loaded door, andwherein the spring-loaded door is adapted to open only if the apparatusis electrically connected to a dispensing module.
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the spring-loaded door is further adapted to open onlyafter a command has been received to dispense a medicinal entity fromthe apparatus.
 11. A device comprising: a housing comprising acompartment adapted to store a plurality of medicaments, wherein thehousing comprises a set of embossments adapted to contain a substratecomprising printed matter, wherein the printed matter is associated withthe plurality of medicaments; a scanner contained within the housing andadapted to generate a scanned image of a medicament of the plurality; ananalyzer contained within the housing and adapted to generate a set ofphysical characteristics of the medicament by analyzing the scannedimage; logic contained within the housing and adapted to determinewhether the medicament is authentic by comparing the set of physicalcharacteristics to a reference set of physical characteristicsassociated with an authentic medicament.
 12. The device of claim 11further comprising a communications module contained within the housingand adapted to transmit an indication to a remote module as to whetherthe medicament is determined to be authentic.
 13. The device of claim11, wherein the substrate comprises a detachable coupon.
 14. The deviceof claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises an advertisement.
 15. Anapparatus comprising: a housing adapted to store one or moremedicaments; a scanner disposed within the housing and adapted togenerate a scan of at least one medicament; an analysis module adaptedto determine a physical characteristic of the at least one medicamentbased upon results of the scan; and a communications module disposedwithin the housing and adapted to transmit data indicative of thephysical characteristic to a remote module, wherein the remote module isadapted to determine whether the at least one medicament is authentic bycomparing the physical characteristic to a reference characteristicassociated with an authentic medicament and wherein the remote modulecomprises a medicament dispensing machine.
 16. The apparatus of claim15, wherein the communications module is adapted to transmit the data tothe remote module via a serial interface.
 17. An apparatus comprising: ahousing adapted to store one or more medicaments, wherein the housingcomprises a chemical absorber adapted to prevent disintegration of theone or more medicaments stored within the housing; a scanner disposedwithin the housing and adapted to generate a scan of at least onemedicament; an analysis module adapted to determine a physicalcharacteristic of the at least one medicament based upon results of thescan; and a communications module disposed within the housing andadapted to transmit data indicative of the physical characteristic to aremote module, wherein the remote module is adapted to determine whetherthe at least one medicament is authentic by comparing the physicalcharacteristic to a reference characteristic associated with anauthentic medicament.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein thecommunications module is adapted to transmit the data to the remotemodule via a serial interface.
 19. An apparatus, comprising: a housingadapted to store one or more medicaments, wherein the housing comprisesa desiccant adapted to prevent a plurality of medicaments stored withinthe housing from adhering to each other; a scanner disposed within thehousing and adapted to generate a scan of at least one medicament; ananalysis module adapted to determine a physical characteristic of the atleast one medicament based upon results of the scan; and acommunications module disposed within the housing and adapted totransmit data indicative of the physical characteristic to a remotemodule, wherein the remote module is adapted to determine whether the atleast one medicament is authentic by comparing the physicalcharacteristic to a reference characteristic associated with anauthentic medicament.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein thecommunications module is adapted to transmit the data to the remotemodule via a serial interface.
 21. A method comprising: receiving aplurality of medicaments in a medicament container; determining whetherone or more medicaments is authentic based at least in part upon outputfrom a scanner disposed within a medicament container; transmitting aset of data to a memory module disposed within the medicament container,the set of data comprising results of said determining whether the oneor more medicaments is authentic, wherein the memory module is adaptedto keep a count of the number of medicaments contained within themedicament container; decrementing the count upon determining that amedicament has been dispensed from the medicament container; andautomatically generating a reorder of medicaments if the count becomesless than a predetermined value.
 22. A method comprising: receiving aplurality of medicaments in a medicament container; determining whetherone or more medicaments is authentic based at least in part upon outputfrom a scanner disposed within a medicament container; transmitting aset of data to a memory module disposed within the medicament container,the set of data comprising results of said determining whether the oneor more medicaments is authentic, wherein the memory module is adaptedto keep a count of the number of medicaments contained within themedicament container; decrementing the count upon determining that amedicament has been dispensed from the medicament container; andelectronically notifying a patient upon determining that the count isless than a predetermined value.
 23. A system comprising: scanning amedicament contained within a medicament container; determining acharacteristic of a medicament contained within the medicament containerbased upon results of said scanning; transmitting data indicative of thecharacteristic to a remote module, wherein the remote module is disposedwithin a medicament dispensing machine; determining at the remote modulewhether the medicament is counterfeit by comparing the data to referencedata associated with an authentic medicament; and transmitting a signalfrom the remote module if the medicament is determined to becounterfeit.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the medicamentcontainer is adapted to interface with the dispensing machine at a firstport.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the first port comprises a setof conductive leads adapted to facilitate electrical communicationbetween the medicament container and the dispensing machine.
 26. Thesystem of claim 25, wherein the dispensing machine comprises a lightemitting diode adapted to indicate whether the medicament container iselectrically connected to the dispensing machine.